G-quadruplexes (GQs) are four-stranded secondary structures formed by G-rich nucleic acid sequence(s). DNA GQs are present abundantly in the genome and affect a wide range of processes associated with DNA. Recent studies show that RNA GQs are present in different transcripts, including coding and noncoding areas of mRNA, telomeric RNA as well as in other premature and mature noncoding RNAs. When present at specific locations within the RNAs, GQs play important roles in key biological functions, including the regulation of gene expression and telomere homeostasis. RNA GQs regulate pre-mRNA processing, such as splicing and polyadenylation. Evidently, among other processes, RNA GQs also control mRNA translation, miRNA and piRNA biogenesis, and RNA localization. The regulatory mechanisms controlled by RNA GQs mainly involve binding to RNA binding protein that modulate GQ conformation or serve as an entity in recruiting additional protein regulators to act as a block element to the processing machinery. Here we provide an overview of the ever-increasing number of discoveries revealing the role of RNA GQs in biology and their relevance in human diseases and therapeutics. This article is categorized under: RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

中文翻译：

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RNA G-四链体在人类疾病中的作用和治疗策略。

G-四链体（GQ）是由富含G的核酸序列形成的四链二级结构。DNA GQ大量存在于基因组中，并影响与DNA相关的广泛过程。最近的研究表明，RNA GQ存在于不同的转录本中，包括mRNA的编码区和非编码区，端粒RNA以及其他过早和成熟的非编码RNA。当存在于RNA内的特定位置时，GQ在关键的生物学功能（包括基因表达的调节和端粒稳态）中起重要作用。RNA GQ调节mRNA的前处理，例如剪接和聚腺苷酸化。显然，在其他过程中，RNA GQs还控制mRNA翻译，miRNA和piRNA生物发生以及RNA定位。由RNA GQs控制的调节机制主要涉及与RNA结合蛋白的结合，后者可调节GQ构象或在招募其他蛋白质调节剂时充当实体，以充当加工机械的阻断元件。在这里，我们提供了不断增多的发现的概述，这些发现揭示了RNA GQ在生物学中的作用以及它们在人类疾病和治疗中的相关性。本文归类于：RNA结构与动力学> RNA结构在生物系统中的影响RNA在疾病与发展中> RNA在疾病中。在这里，我们提供了不断增多的发现的概述，这些发现揭示了RNA GQ在生物学中的作用以及它们在人类疾病和治疗中的相关性。本文归类于：RNA结构与动力学> RNA结构在生物系统中的影响RNA在疾病与发展中> RNA在疾病中。在这里，我们提供了不断增多的发现的概述，这些发现揭示了RNA GQ在生物学中的作用以及它们在人类疾病和治疗中的相关性。本文归类于：RNA结构与动力学> RNA结构在生物系统中的影响RNA在疾病与发展中> RNA在疾病中。