Innate immunity is an ancient and conserved defense mechanism against infectious agents. It is activated after pathogen-associated molecular pattern sensing by germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors, including specialized nucleic acid sensors. In vertebrates, nucleic acid sensing activates the dominant antiviral pathway that induces interferon (IFN) response and enhances antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although canonical IFN system is absent in invertebrates, nucleic acid stimulation, and viral infection trigger an inducible non-specific antiviral response that exhibits multiple similarities to vertebrate IFN system. Invertebrates lack the adaptive immunity that provides long-term antigen-specific protection from pathogens. Meanwhile, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway senses viral nucleic acids and triggers the sequence-specific degradation of viral RNAs, thereby representing a specific antiviral mechanism of invertebrates. RNAi provides the primary antiviral response in some invertebrates but plays minimal or no role in vertebrate antiviral immunity. This review summarizes the nucleic acid sensing-mediated antiviral immunity in invertebrates.

中文翻译：

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无脊椎动物抗病毒免疫中的核酸传感。

先天免疫是一种古老而保守的防御传染原的防御机制。在病原体相关的分子模式被种系编码的模式识别受体（包括专门的核酸传感器）感测后被激活。在脊椎动物中，核酸传感激活了主要的抗病毒途径，该途径可诱导干扰素（IFN）应答并增强抗原特异性适应性免疫。尽管无脊椎动物中不存在典型的IFN系统，但是核酸刺激和病毒感染会触发可诱导的非特异性抗病毒反应，该反应与脊椎动物IFN系统具有多种相似性。无脊椎动物缺乏提供长期抗原特异性保护免于病原体的适应性免疫力。与此同时，RNA干扰（RNAi）途径可检测病毒核酸并触发病毒RNA的序列特异性降解，从而代表了无脊椎动物的特定抗病毒机制。RNAi在某些无脊椎动物中提供主要的抗病毒反应，但在脊椎动物抗病毒免疫中的作用很小或没有作用。这篇综述总结了无脊椎动物中核酸传感介导的抗病毒免疫。