Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an important pathogen of livestock more than 120 years after it was identified, with annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at €5.3–€17 billion (US$6.5–US$21 billion) in FMDV-endemic areas. Control and eradication are difficult because FMDV is highly contagious, genetically and antigenically diverse, infectious for a wide variety of species, able to establish subclinical carriers in ruminants, and widely geographically distributed. For early detection, sustained control, or eradication, sensitive and specific FMDV surveillance procedures compatible with high through-put testing platforms are required. At present, surveillance relies on the detection of FMDV-specific antibody or virus, most commonly in individual animal serum, vesicular fluid, or epithelial specimens. However, FMDV or antibody are also detectable in other body secretions and specimens, e.g., buccal and nasal secretions, respiratory exhalations (aerosols), mammary secretions, urine, feces, and environmental samples. These alternative specimens offer non-invasive diagnostic alternatives to individual animal sampling and the potential for more efficient, responsive, and cost-effective surveillance. Herein we review FMDV testing methods for contemporary and alternative diagnostic specimens and their application to FMDV surveillance in livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats).

中文翻译：

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家畜口蹄疫病毒 (FMDV) 检测综述，重点是使用替代诊断标本

口蹄疫病毒 (FMDV) 在被发现 120 多年后仍然是一种重要的牲畜病原体，每年因生产损失和疫苗接种造成的成本估计为 5.3-170 亿欧元（6.5-210 亿美元）。口蹄疫流行区。控制和根除是困难的，因为 FMDV 具有高度传染性、遗传和抗原多样性、对多种物种具有传染性、能够在反刍动物中建立亚临床载体，并且地理分布广泛。对于早期检测、持续控制或根除，需要与高通量测试平台兼容的敏感和特定 FMDV 监测程序。目前，监测依赖于检测 FMDV 特异性抗体或病毒，最常见于个体动物血清、水泡液或上皮标本中。然而，FMDV 或抗体也可在其他身体分泌物和标本中检测到，例如口腔和鼻腔分泌物、呼吸道呼出物（气溶胶）、乳腺分泌物、尿液、粪便和环境样本。这些替代标本为个体动物取样提供了非侵入性诊断替代方法，并有可能进行更有效、反应灵敏和成本效益更高的监测。在此，我们回顾了当代和替代诊断标本的 FMDV 检测方法及其在牲畜（牛、猪、绵羊和山羊）中 FMDV 监测中的应用。这些替代标本为个体动物取样提供了非侵入性诊断替代方法，并有可能进行更有效、反应灵敏和成本效益更高的监测。在此，我们回顾了当代和替代诊断标本的 FMDV 检测方法及其在牲畜（牛、猪、绵羊和山羊）中 FMDV 监测中的应用。这些替代标本为个体动物取样提供了非侵入性诊断替代方法，并有可能进行更有效、反应灵敏和成本效益更高的监测。在此，我们回顾了当代和替代诊断标本的 FMDV 检测方法及其在牲畜（牛、猪、绵羊和山羊）中 FMDV 监测中的应用。