The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.

中文翻译：

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对纯狨猴的批评。

普通狨猴是一种新大陆猴，目前正在快速发展为非人类灵长类动物模型物种，特别是用于基因改造，而且也作为研究大脑和人类行为的通用模型健康）状况。与目前占主导地位的灵长类动物模型卡他尼猕猴相比，狨猴以某些进化专门化而闻名，包括它们生双胞胎的倾向、它们非常小的体型（系统侏儒症的结果）以及与它们的小体型相关的特征（快速发育）且寿命相对较短），这使得这些动物能够更快、更低成本地获得实验结果。然而，猕猴也有自己的优势。重要的是，猕猴与人类（也是卡他灵长类动物）的关系比狨猴更密切，它们有着大约 2000 万年的共同血统，并且在各种基因组、分子和神经生物学特征上与人类更加相似。此外，狨猴的特殊性使它们成为具有吸引力的实验对象，例如它们的快速发育和较短的寿命，这是狨猴与人类不同的方面，也是猕猴与人类更相似的地方。这些事实需要在人类生物学的非人类灵长类动物模型之间进行选择时，仔细考虑便利性和成本之间的权衡，以及生物现实性之间的权衡。尽管狨猴作为模型具有优势，但谨慎起见需要继续致力于猕猴和其他灵长类动物的研究。