Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target to beneficially modulate CMD risk, possibly via dietary interventions. Dietary interventions have been shown to considerably alter gut microbiota composition and function. Moreover, several diet-derived microbial metabolites are able to modulate human metabolism and thereby alter CMD risk. Dietary interventions that affect gut microbiota composition and function are therefore a promising, novel, and cost-efficient method to reduce CMD risk. Studies suggest that fermentable carbohydrates can beneficially alter gut microbiota composition and function, whereas high animal protein and high fat intake negatively impact gut microbiota function and composition. This review focuses on the role of macronutrients (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat) and dietary patterns (e.g., vegetarian/vegan and Mediterranean diet) in gut microbiota composition and function in the context of CMD.

中文翻译：

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饮食在肠道菌群与心脏代谢疾病之间的关系中至关重要。

诸如2型糖尿病和心血管疾病之类的心脏代谢疾病（CMD）在全球范围内对发病率和死亡率做出了重大贡献。肠道菌群已成为可能通过饮食干预有效调节CMD风险的潜在靶标。饮食干预已显示可显着改变肠道菌群的组成和功能。此外，几种饮食来源的微生物代谢物能够调节人的新陈代谢，从而改变CMD风险。因此，饮食干预会影响肠道菌群的组成和功能，是降低CMD风险的一种有前途的，新颖且具有成本效益的方法。研究表明，可发酵的碳水化合物可以有益地改变肠道菌群的组成和功能，而高动物蛋白和高脂肪摄入会对肠道菌群的功能和组成产生负面影响。这篇综述着重于CMD背景下常量营养素（即碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪）和饮食模式（例如素食/素食和地中海饮食）在肠道菌群组成和功能中的作用。