Clean water provision remains a serious problem in low- and middle-income countries. In 2017, about 30% of the world population relied on unimproved water sources located outside of the dwellings. Often women and children are occupied in fetching water. This situation increases the prevalence of water-related diseases such as diarrhoea and reduces children's study time. School attendance may decrease due to the combined effects of diarrhoea and time spent on fetching water. We investigate the effects on school absenteeism and primary school enrolment in Indonesia, using a panel data set for 295 districts over the period 1994-2014. Districts with higher diarrhoea prevalence are found to have lower school enrolment (B: -0.202, sig p < 0.01) and higher school absenteeism (B: 2.334, sig p < 0.001). Districts where more households have access to private water facilities have higher school enrolment (B: 0.025, sig p < 0.01) and lower school absenteeism (B: -0.027, sig p < 0.01). More use of piped and bottled water in a district is associated with a lower diarrhoea prevalence (B: -0.004, sig p < 0.05). Policy-makers should take the benefits of improved water supply into account when making cost-benefit analyses regarding investments in water infrastructure.

中文翻译：

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水和健康对印度尼西亚小学入学率和缺勤的影响。

在中低收入国家，清洁水供应仍然是一个严重的问题。2017年，约30％的世界人口依靠住所外未经改善的水源。通常，妇女和儿童都忙于取水。这种情况增加了与水有关的疾病（如腹泻）的流行，并减少了儿童的学习时间。由于腹泻和取水时间的综合影响，上学率可能会下降。我们使用1994-2014年间295个地区的面板数据集，调查了对印度尼西亚学校旷工和小学入学率的影响。腹泻患病率较高的地区的入学率较低（B：-0.202，sig p <0.01），而缺勤率较高的地区（B：2.334，sig p <0.001）。拥有更多家庭使用私人供水设施的地区的入学率较高（B：0.025，sig p <0.01），而较低的学校缺勤率（B：-0.027，sig p <0.01）。一个地区更多地使用管道和瓶装水与腹泻发生率较低相关（B：-0.004，sig p <0.05）。在对水利基础设施投资进行成本效益分析时，政策制定者应考虑到改善供水的好处。