ABSTRACT

This study examines associations between ethnic identity, regional history, and genomic ancestry in New Mexicans of Spanish-speaking descent (NMS). In structured interviews, we asked 507 NMS to select from a list of eight ethnic identity terms identified in previous research. We estimated genomic ancestry for each individual from 291,917 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and compared genomic ancestry, age, and birthplace between groups of individuals who identified using each ethnic identity term. Eighty-eight per cent of NMS who identified as “Hispanic,” “Nuevomexicano/a,” and “Spanish,” on average, were born in New Mexico, as were the vast majority of their parents and grandparents. Thirty-three per cent of NMS who identified as “Mexican” and “Mexican American” were born in Mexico, as were 59 per cent of their parents and 67 per cent of their grandparents. Average Native American and African ancestry proportions in “Hispanic” (0.26, 0.02, respectively), “Spanish” (0.25, 0.01), and “Nuevomexicano/a” (0.24, 0.01) NMS were significantly lower than in “Mexican American” (0.37, 0.04) NMS. Significant age differences between older “Spanish” and younger “Nuevomexicano/a” individuals, combined with widespread use of the term “Hispanic,” may reflect ongoing nomenclature changes. Patterns of correspondence between ethnic identity, ethnic nomenclatures, and genomic ancestry reflect historical patterns of migration, colonization, and cultural change.

摘要

这项研究调查了新墨西哥裔西班牙裔（NMS）的族裔身份，区域历史和基因组祖先之间的关联。在结构化访谈中，我们要求507个NMS从先前研究中确定的八个种族身份术语列表中进行选择。我们从291,917个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）估计了每个个体的基因组血统，并比较了使用每个种族同一性术语识别的个体组之间的基因组血统，年龄和出生地。识别为“西班牙裔”，“新墨西哥裔美国人”和“西班牙裔”的NMS中，平均有88％出生在新墨西哥州，他们的父母和祖父母绝大多数也都出生于新墨西哥州。被称为“墨西哥人”和“墨西哥裔美国人”的NMS中有33％在墨西哥出生，以及59％的父母和67％的祖父母。“西班牙裔”（分别为0.26、0.02），“西班牙裔”（0.25、0.01）和“新墨西哥州/人”（0.24、0.01）NMS的平均美洲原住民比例明显低于“墨西哥裔”（ 0.37，0.04）NMS。年龄较大的“西班牙人”和年龄较小的“ Nuevomexicano / a”个体之间明显的年龄差异，再加上广泛使用的“西班牙裔”一词，可能反映了术语的不断变化。种族身份，种族命名法和基因组血统之间的对应关系模式反映了移民，殖民化和文化变迁的历史模式。01）NMS明显低于“墨西哥裔美国人”（0.37，0.04）NMS。年龄较大的“西班牙人”和年龄较小的“ Nuevomexicano / a”个体之间明显的年龄差异，再加上广泛使用的“西班牙裔”一词，可能反映了术语的不断变化。种族身份，种族命名法和基因组血统之间的对应关系模式反映了移民，殖民化和文化变迁的历史模式。01）NMS明显低于“墨西哥裔美国人”（0.37，0.04）NMS。年龄较大的“西班牙人”和年龄较小的“ Nuevomexicano / a”个体之间明显的年龄差异，再加上广泛使用的“西班牙裔”一词，可能反映了术语的不断变化。种族身份，种族命名法和基因组血统之间的对应关系模式反映了移民，殖民化和文化变迁的历史模式。