The extreme acoustic variability of speech is well established, which makes the proficiency of human speech perception all the more impressive. Speech perception, like perception in any modality, is relative to context, and this provides a means to normalize the acoustic variability in the speech signal. Acoustic context effects in speech perception have been widely documented, but a clear understanding of how these effects relate to each other across stimuli, timescales, and acoustic domains is lacking. Here we review the influences that spectral context, temporal context, and spectrotemporal context have on speech perception. Studies are organized in terms of whether the context precedes the target (forward effects) or follows it (backward effects), and whether the context is adjacent to the target (proximal) or temporally removed from it (distal). Special cases where proximal and distal contexts have competing influences on perception are also considered. Across studies, a common theme emerges: acoustic differences between contexts and targets are perceptually magnified, producing contrast effects that facilitate perception of target sounds and words. This indicates enhanced sensitivity to changes in the acoustic environment, which maximizes the amount of potential information that can be transmitted to the perceiver. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics.

中文翻译：

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语音感知中的声学环境影响。

语音的极端声音可变性已得到充分确立，这使得人类语音感知的熟练度更加令人印象深刻。语音感知与任何形式的感知一样，都是相对于上下文的，这提供了一种标准化语音信号中声音变异性的方法。语音感知中的声学情境效应已被广泛记录，但缺乏对这些效应在刺激，时间尺度和声学域之间如何相互关联的清晰理解。在这里，我们回顾频谱上下文，时间上下文和时空上下文对语音感知的影响。研究是根据上下文是先于目标（前向效果）还是跟随目标（后向效果）进行组织，以及上下文是与目标相邻（近端）还是从目标上暂时删除（远端）。还考虑了特殊情况，其中近端和远端环境对感知有竞争影响。在整个研究中，出现了一个共同的主题：情境和目标之间的声学​​差异在感知上被放大，从而产生有助于感知目标声音和单词的对比效果。这表明增强了对声学环境变化的敏感性，从而使可以传输给感知器的潜在信息量最大化。本文归类于：语言学>心理语言和大脑心理学>感知和心理物理学。上下文和目标之间的声学​​差异会在感知上被放大，从而产生对比度效果，有助于感知目标声音和单词。这表明增强了对声学环境变化的敏感性，从而使可以传输给感知器的潜在信息量最大化。本文归类于：语言学>心理语言和大脑心理学>感知和心理物理学。上下文和目标之间的声学​​差异会在感知上被放大，从而产生对比度效果，有助于感知目标声音和单词。这表明增强了对声学环境变化的敏感性，从而使可以传输给感知器的潜在信息量最大化。本文归类于：语言学>心理语言和大脑心理学>感知和心理物理学。