Anthropogenic extreme environments are emphasized as interesting sites for the study of evolutionary pathways, biodiversity, and extremophile bioprospection. Organisms that grow under these conditions are usually regarded as extremophiles; however, the extreme novelty of these environments may have favor adaptive radiations of facultative extremophiles. At the Iberian Peninsula, uranium mining operations have rendered highly polluted extreme environments in multiple locations. In this study, we examined the phytoplankton diversity, community structure, and possible determining factors in separate uranium mining-impacted waters. Some of these human-induced extreme environments may be able to sustain indigenous facultative extremophile phytoplankton species, as well as alleged obligate extremophiles. Therefore, we investigated the adaptation capacity of three laboratory strains, two Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and a Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides, to uranium-polluted waters. The biodiversity among the sampled waters was very low, and despite presenting unique taxonomic records, ecological patterns can be identified. The microalgae adaptation experiments indicated a gradient of ecological novelty and different phenomena of adaptation, from acclimation in some waters to non-adaptation in the harshest anthropogenic environment. Certainly, phytoplankton extremophiles might have been often overlooked, and the ability to flourish in extreme environments might be a functional feature in some neutrophilic species. Evolutionary biology and microbial biodiversity can benefit the study of recently evolved systems such as uranium-polluted waters. Moreover, anthropogenic extremophiles can be harnessed for industrial applications.

中文翻译：

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铀矿开采影响的水域快速定居，成功的浮游植物极端微生物谱系的生物多样性。

人为极端环境被强调为研究进化途径，生物多样性和极端微生物生物勘探的有趣场所。在这种条件下生长的生物通常被认为是极端微生物。然而，这些环境的极端新颖性可能有利于兼性极端微生物的适应性辐射。在伊比利亚半岛，铀矿开采作业在多个地点造成了高度污染的极端环境。在这项研究中，我们研究了受单独铀矿开采影响的水域中浮游植物的多样性，群落结构和可能的决定因素。这些人为导致的极端环境中的某些可能能够维持土著兼性极端嗜藻类浮游植物物种以及所谓的专性极端嗜热菌。因此，我们调查了三种实验室菌株，即两种莱茵衣藻和一种小球藻（Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides）对铀污染水的适应能力。采样水域中的生物多样性非常低，尽管呈现出独特的分类学记录，但仍可以识别出生态模式。微藻适应实验表明，从某些水域的适应性到最恶劣的人为环境中的不适应性，生态新颖性和不同适应性现象的梯度。当然，浮游植物的极端微生物可能经常被忽视，而在极端环境中繁衍的能力可能是某些嗜中性物种的功能特征。进化生物学和微生物多样性可以有益于研究最近发展的系统，例如铀污染的水域。此外，