Breathing at a frequency of around 0.1 Hz is widely used in basic research and in applied psychophysiology because it strongly increases fluctuations in the cardiovascular system and affects psychological functioning. Volitional control of breathing often leads to hyperventilation among untrained individuals, which may produce aversive symptoms and alter the psychological and physiological effects of the paced breathing. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a brief anti-hyperventilation instruction during paced breathing at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. Forty-six participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a group given an anti-hyperventilation instruction and a control group without such an instruction. The instruction asked participants to avoid excessively deep breathing and to breathe shallowly and naturally. Participants performed the breathing task for 10 min. Hyperventilation was measured by partial pressure of end-tidal CO₂ (PetCO₂); furthermore, symptoms of hyperventilation, feeling of air hunger, task difficulty, and affective state were measured by self-report. The results showed that paced breathing without instruction decreased PetCO₂ by 5.21 mmHg and that the use of the anti-hyperventilation instruction reduced the drop in PetCO₂ to 2.7 mmHg. Symptoms of hyperventilation were lower in the group with the anti-hyperventilation instruction. Neither the feeling of air hunger nor task difficulty were affected by the instruction. There were no significant effects of the instruction on affective state. The present study indicates that a brief anti-hyperventilation instruction may be used to decrease drop in PetCO₂ and symptoms of hyperventilation during breathing at 0.1 Hz and that the instruction is well tolerated.

中文翻译：

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抗过度换气的指令可降低呼吸末频率为0.1 Hz时的潮气末CO2下降和过度换气的症状。

在基础研究和应用心理生理学领域，以0.1 Hz左右的频率进行呼吸被广泛使用，因为它会大大增加心血管系统的波动并影响心理功能。自主控制呼吸通常会导致未经训练的人过度换气，这可能会产生厌恶症状，并改变有规律的呼吸的心理和生理影响。本研究调查了在频率为0.1 Hz的有规律的呼吸过程中进行简短的抗过度换气指令的有效性。46名参与者被随机分配到两组中的一组：给予抗过度换气指示的组和未给予这种指示的对照组。该说明要求参与者避免过度深呼吸，而要浅而自然地呼吸。参与者进行了10分钟的呼吸任务。通过呼气末CO分压测量通气过度₂（PetCO ₂）；此外，通过自我报告来测量过度换气，饥饿感，工作困难和情感状态的症状。结果表明，在没有指导的情况下进行有节奏的呼吸会使PetCO ₂降低5.21 mmHg，而使用抗过度换气的指导使PetCO ₂的下降降至2.7 mmHg。换气过度指示组的换气过度症状较低。该指令既不影响空中饥饿感，也不影响任务难度。该指令对情感状态没有显着影响。本研究表明，简短的抗过度换气指导可用于减少PetCO _2的下降 0.1 Hz呼吸时出现过度换气的症状，并且该指令耐受性良好。