Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted signaling entities that enhance various pathological processes when released in response to cellular stresses. Respiratory exposures such as cigarette smoke and air pollution exert cellular stresses and are associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence that modifications in EV contribute to respiratory exposure-associated diseases. Publications were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar with the search terms (cigarette smoke OR tobacco smoke OR air pollution OR particulate matter) AND (extracellular vesicles OR exosomes OR microvesicles OR microparticles OR ectosomes). All original research articles were included and reviewed. Fifty articles were identified, most of which investigated the effect of respiratory exposures on EV release in vitro (25) and/or on circulating EV in human plasma (24). The majority of studies based their main observations on the relatively insensitive scatter-based flow cytometry of EV (29). EV induced by respiratory exposures were found to modulate inflammation (19), thrombosis (13), endothelial dysfunction (11), tissue remodeling (6), and angiogenesis (3). By influencing these processes, EV may play a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and possibly lung cancer and allergic asthma. The current findings warrant additional research with improved methodologies to evaluate the contribution of respiratory exposure-induced EV to disease etiology, as well as their potential as biomarkers of exposure or risk and as novel targets for preventive or therapeutic strategies.

中文翻译：

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响应呼吸道接触而释放的细胞外囊泡：对慢性疾病的影响。

细胞外囊泡（EV）是分泌的信号传导实体，当响应细胞应激而释放时会增强各种病理过程。诸如香烟烟雾和空气污染之类的呼吸道接触会施加细胞压力，并增加几种慢性疾病的风险。这篇综述的目的是研究证据证明EV的改变会导致呼吸道暴露相关疾病。使用PubMed和Google学术搜索搜索出版物，并使用搜索词（香烟烟雾或烟草烟雾或空气污染或颗粒物）和（细胞外囊泡或外来体或微囊泡或微粒或外来体）。所有原始的研究文章都包括在内并进行了审查。确定了50篇文章，其中大多数研究了呼吸暴露对体外EV释放的影响（25）和/或对人血浆中循环EV的影响（24）。大多数研究基于EV相对不敏感的基于散布的流式细胞仪进行的主要观察（29）。发现通过呼吸暴露诱发的EV可调节炎症（19），血栓形成（13），内皮功能障碍（11），组织重塑（6）和血管生成（3）。通过影响这些过程，电动汽车可能在心血管疾病和慢性阻塞性肺疾病以及可能的肺癌和过敏性哮喘的发展中起关键作用。目前的发现需要通过改进的方法进行其他研究，以评估呼吸道暴露诱发的EV对疾病病因的影响，