Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are distributed in many parts of the human body, including the bone marrow, placenta, umbilical cord, fat, and nasal mucosa. One of the unique features of MSCs is their multidirectional differentiation potential, including the ability to undergo osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis, and to produce neurons, endothelial cells, Schwann cells, medullary nucleus cells, cardiomyocytes, and alveolar epithelial cells. MSCs have thus become a hot research topic in recent years. Numerous studies have investigated the differentiation of MSCs into various types of cells in vitro and their application to numerous fields. However, most studies have cultured MSCs under atmospheric oxygen tension with an oxygen concentration of 21%, which does not reflect a normal physiological state, given that the oxygen concentration generally used in vitro is four to ten times that to which MSCs would be exposed in the body. We therefore review the growing number of studies exploring the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the differentiation of MSCs.

间充质干细胞（MSC）分布在人体的许多部位，包括骨髓，胎盘，脐带，脂肪和鼻粘膜。MSCs的独特特征之一是其多向分化潜能，包括经历成骨，脂肪形成和软骨形成的能力，以及产生神经元，内皮细胞，雪旺氏细胞，髓核细胞，心肌细胞和肺泡上皮细胞的能力。因此，MSC已成为近年来的热门研究课题。许多研究已经研究了MSC在体外向各种类型细胞的分化及其在许多领域中的应用。但是，大多数研究都是在大气氧气压力下以21％的氧气浓度培养MSC，这不能反映正常的生理状态，考虑到体外通常使用的氧气浓度是MSC在体内暴露的氧气浓度的四到十倍。因此，我们回顾了越来越多的研究，探讨低氧预处理对MSCs分化的影响。