Communication in humans activates almost every part of the brain. Of course, the use of language predominates, but other cognitive functions such as attention, memory, emotion, and executive processes are also involved. However, in order to explain how our brain “understands,” “speaks,” and “writes,” and in order to rehabilitate aphasic disorders, neuroscience has faced the challenge for years to reveal the responsible neural networks. Broca and Wernicke (and Lichtheim and many others), during the 19th century, when brain research was mainly observational and autopsy driven, offered fundamental knowledge about the brain and language, so the Wernicke-Geschwind model appeared and aphasiology during the 20th century was based on it. This model is still useful for a first approach into the classical categorization of aphasic syndromes, but it is outdated, because it does not adequately describe the neural networks relevant for language, and it offers a modular perspective, focusing mainly on cortical structures. During the last three decades, neuroscience conquered new imaging, recording, and manipulation techniques for brain research, and a new model of the functional neuroanatomy of language was developed, the dual stream model, consisting of two interacting networks (“streams”), one ventral, bilaterally organized, for language comprehension, and one dorsal, left hemisphere dominant, for production. This new model also has its limitations but helps us to understand, among others, why patients with different brain lesions can have similar language impairments. Furthermore, interesting aspects arise from studying language functions in aging brains (and also in young, developing brains) and in cognitively impaired patients and neuromodulation effects on reorganization of brain networks subserving language. In this selective review, we discuss methods for coupling new knowledge regarding the functional reorganization of the brain with sophisticated techniques capable of activating the available supportive networks in order to provide improved neurorehabilitation strategies for people suffering from neurogenic communication disorders.

中文翻译：

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从Broca和Wernicke到神经调节时代：脑语言网络对神经康复的见解。

人与人之间的交流几乎激活了大脑的每个部分。当然，语言的使用占主导，但是其他认知功能，例如注意力，记忆，情感和执行过程也涉及到。但是，为了解释我们的大脑如何“理解”，“说”和“写”，以及为了恢复失语症，神经科学多年来面临着揭示负责任的神经网络的挑战。Broca和Wernicke（以及Lichtheim等人）在19世纪，当时的大脑研究主要是观察性和尸检驱动，提供了有关大脑和语言的基础知识，因此出现了Wernicke-Geschwind模型，并在20世纪形成了相病学。在上面。对于失相综合症经典分类的第一种方法，该模型仍然有用，但是它已经过时了，因为它不能充分描述与语言相关的神经网络，并且提供了模块化的观点，主要关注皮质结构。在过去的三十年中，神经科学为脑研究征服了新的成像，记录和操纵技术，并开发了一种语言功能性神经解剖学的新模型，即双流模型，该模型由两个相互作用的网络（“流”）组成，一个腹侧，​​双边组织，用于语言理解，背侧，左半球占主导，用于生产。这种新模型也有其局限性，但它可以帮助我们尤其了解为什么具有不同脑损伤的患者会出现类似的语言障碍。此外，有趣的方面来自研究大脑衰老（以及年轻人，大脑发育障碍）和认知障碍患者，神经调节作用对保留语言的大脑网络进行重组。在这次选择性审查中，我们讨论了将有关大脑功能重组的新知识与能够激活可用支持网络的复杂技术相结合的方法，以便为患有神经源性沟通障碍的人们提供改善的神经康复策略。