Seaweeds are marine macroalgae, some of which are edible. They are rich in specific dietary fibers and also contain other characteristic biological constituents. Biological activities have been investigated mainly in animal studies, while very few results are available from human studies. Biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) specific to seaweed could play an important role as objective measurements in observational studies and dietary intervention studies. Thus, the health effects of seaweeds can be explored and understood by discovering and applying BFIs. This review summarizes studies to identify candidate BFIs of seaweed intake. These BFIs are evaluated by a structured validation scheme. Hydroxytrifuhalol A, 7-hydroxyeckol, C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol, diphloroethol, fucophloroethol, dioxinodehydroeckol, and/or their glucuronides or sulfate esters which all belong to the phlorotannins are considered candidate biomarkers for brown seaweed. Fucoxanthinol, the main metabolite of fucoxanthin, is also regarded as a candidate biomarker for brown seaweed. Further validation will be needed due to the very limited number of human studies. Further studies are also needed to identify additional candidate biomarkers, relevant specifically for the red and green seaweeds, for which no candidate biomarkers emerged from the literature search. Reliable BFIs should also ideally be found for the whole seaweed food group.

中文翻译：

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海藻摄入量的生物标志物。

海藻是海洋大型藻类，其中一些是可食用的。它们富含特定的膳食纤维，还含有其他特征性生物成分。生物活性主要在动物研究中进行研究，而人类研究的结果很少。海藻特有的食物摄入生物标志物（BFI）可以在观察研究和饮食干预研究中作为客观测量发挥重要作用。因此，可以通过发现和应用 BFI 来探索和了解海藻对健康的影响。本综述总结了确定海藻摄入量候选 BFI 的研究。这些 BFI 通过结构化验证方案进行评估。羟基三氟卤醇A、7-羟基叶酚、间苯三酚COC二聚体、二氯乙醇、岩藻糖醇、二氧去氢叶酚和/或它们的葡糖苷酸或硫酸酯均属于根皮单宁，被认为是褐藻的候选生物标志物。岩藻黄质的主要代谢物岩藻黄质醇也被认为是褐藻的候选生物标志物。由于人体研究数量非常有限，还需要进一步验证。还需要进一步的研究来确定其他候选生物标志物，特别是与红色和绿色海藻相关的候选生物标志物，而文献检索中没有出现这些候选生物标志物。理想情况下，还应该为整个海藻食品组找到可靠的 BFI。