The world-wide incidence of many immune-mediated and metabolic diseases, including those of the intestines and liver, is steadily increasing. Gut microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these diseases as it mediates environmental changes to the intestinal immune system. Various environmental factors including diet, food additives and medication also trigger the compositional and functional alterations of microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, and this dysbiosis is closely associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the causal relationship remains unclear for the majority of these diseases. In this review, we discuss essential epidemiological data, known pathogenetic factors including those of genetic and environmental nature, while mainly focusing on the role of gut microbiota in the development of selected intestinal and liver diseases. Using specific examples, we also briefly describe some of the most widely-used animal models including gnotobiotic models and their contribution to the research of pathogenetic mechanisms of the host-microbiota relationship.

中文翻译：

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肠道菌群在肠道和肝脏疾病中的作用。

包括肠道和肝脏疾病在内的许多免疫介导和代谢性疾病在世界范围内的发病率正在稳步上升。肠道菌群在这些疾病的发病机理中起着核心作用，因为它介导了肠道免疫系统的环境变化。包括饮食，食品添加剂和药物在内的各种环境因素也会触发微生物群的组成和功能改变，即营养不良，而这种营养不良与许多慢性炎症性疾病密切相关。但是，对于大多数这些疾病，其因果关系仍然不清楚。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了基本的流行病学数据，已知的致病因素，包括遗传和环境性质的因素，同时主要关注肠道菌群在某些肠道和肝脏疾病发展中的作用。通过使用特定的例子，我们还简要地描述了一些最广泛使用的动物模型，包括gnotobiotic模型及其对宿主-微生物群关系的致病机理研究的贡献。