The hybrid rhythmic ball-bouncing task considered in this study requires a participant to hit a ball in a virtual environment by moving a paddle in the real environment. It allows for investigation of the online visual control of action in humans. Changes in gravity acceleration in the virtual environment affect the ball dynamics and modify the ball-paddle system limit cycle. These changes are shown to be accurately reproduced through simulation by a model integrating continuous information-movement couplings between the ball trajectory and the paddle trajectory, giving rise to a resonance-tuning phenomenon. On the contrary, the tested models integrating only intermittent sensorimotor couplings were unable to replicate the observed human behavior. Results suggest that the visual control of action is achieved online, in a prospective way. Human rhythmic motor control would benefit from the timing and phase control emerging from the low-level continuous coupling between the central pattern generator and the visual perception of the ball trajectory. This control strategy, which precludes the need for internal clock and explicit environmental representation, is also able to explain the empirical result that the bounces tend to converge toward a passive stability regime during human ball bouncing.

中文翻译：

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球弹跳的自组织。

本研究中考虑的混合有节奏的弹跳球任务要求参与者通过在真实环境中移动桨叶来在虚拟环境中击球。它允许调查人类行为的在线视觉控制。虚拟环境中重力加速度的变化会影响球的动力学并更改球桨系统的极限循环。这些变化显示为通过仿真精确地重现的模型，该模型集成了球轨迹和桨轨迹之间的连续信息运动耦合，从而产生了共振调整现象。相反，仅集成间歇性感觉运动耦合的测试模型无法复制观察到的人类行为。结果表明，以预期的方式在线实现了动作的视觉控制。从中央模式发生器与球轨迹的视觉感知之间的低电平连续耦合产生的定时和相位控制中，人们的节奏运动控制将受益。这种控制策略排除了对内部时钟和明确的环境表示的需要，还能够解释以下事实的结果：在人体球弹跳过程中，弹跳趋向于趋向被动稳定状态。