Abstract Pollinators use multiple cues whilst foraging including direct cues from flowers and indirect cues from other pollinators. The use of indirect social cues is common in social insects, such as honeybees and bumblebees, where a social environment facilitates the ability to use such cues. Bumblebees use cues to forage on flowers according to previous foraging experiences. Flowers are an essential food source for pollinators but also pose a high risk of parasite infection through the shared use of flowers leading to parasite spillover. Nevertheless, bumblebees have evolved behavioral defense mechanisms to limit parasite infection by avoiding contaminated flowers. Mechanisms underlying the avoidance of contaminated flowers by bumblebees are poorly understood. Bumblebees were recorded having the choice to forage on non-contaminated flowers and flowers contaminated by a trypan osome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. The use of different treatments with presence or absence of conspecifics on both contaminated and non-contaminated flowers allowed to investigate the role of social visual cues on their pathogen avoidance behavior. Bumblebees are expected to use social visual cues to avoid contaminated flowers. Our study reveals that the presence of a conspecific on flowers either contaminated or not does not help bumblebee foragers avoiding contaminated flowers. Nevertheless, bumblebees whereas gaining experience tend to avoid their conspecific when placed on contaminated flower and copy it when on the non-contaminated flower. Our experiment suggests a detrimental impact of floral scent on disease avoidance behavior.

中文翻译：

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同种和个人经验在大黄蜂避免污染花卉的行为中的作用

摘要 传粉媒介在觅食时使用多种线索，包括来自花的直接线索和来自其他传粉媒介的间接线索。间接社会线索的使用在蜜蜂和大黄蜂等社会昆虫中很常见，其中社会环境促进了使用此类线索的能力。大黄蜂根据以前的觅食经验使用线索在花上觅食。鲜花是传粉媒介必不可少的食物来源，但由于共用鲜花会导致寄生虫外溢，也会造成寄生虫感染的高风险。尽管如此，大黄蜂已经进化出行为防御机制，通过避免受污染的花朵来限制寄生虫感染。人们对大黄蜂避免受污染花卉的潜在机制知之甚少。据记录，大黄蜂可以选择在未受污染的花和被锥虫肠道寄生虫 Crithidia bombi 污染的花上觅食。在受污染和未受污染的花朵上使用不同的处理方法，无论是否存在同种植物，都可以研究社会视觉线索对其病原体回避行为的作用。预计大黄蜂会使用社会视觉线索来避免受污染的花朵。我们的研究表明，无论是否受污染的花朵上存在同种异体都无助于大黄蜂觅食者避免受污染的花朵。然而，大黄蜂在获得经验时往往会在被污染的花朵上避免它们的同种，而在未受污染的花朵上时会复制它。