Humans have evolved an elaborate system of self-consciousness, self-identity, self-agency, and self-embodiment that is grounded in specific neurological structures including an expanded insula. Instantiation of the bodily self has been most-extensively studied via the 'rubber hand illusion', whereby parallel stimulation of a hidden true hand, and a viewed false hand, leads to the felt belief that the false hand is one's own. Autism and schizophrenia have both long been regarded as conditions centrally involving altered development of the self, but they have yet to be compared directly with regard to the self and embodiment. Here, we synthesize the embodied cognition literature for these and related conditions, and describe evidence that these two sets of disorders exhibit opposite susceptibilities from typical individuals to the rubber hand illusion: reduced on the autism spectrum and increased in schizophrenia and other psychotic-affective conditions. Moreover, the opposite illusion effects are mediated by a consilient set of associated phenomena, including empathy, interoception, anorexia risk and phenotypes, and patterns of genetic correlation. Taken together, these findings: (i) support the diametric model of autism and psychotic-affective disorders, (ii) implicate the adaptive human system of self-embodiment, and its neural bases, in neurodevelopmental disorders, and suggest new therapies and (iii) experimentally ground Bayesian predictive coding models with regard to autism compared with psychosis. Lay summary: Humans have evolved a highly developed sense of self and perception of one's own body. The 'rubber hand illusion' can be used to test individual variation in sense of self, relative to connection with others. We show that this illusion is reduced in autism spectrum disorders, and increased in psychotic and mood disorders. These findings have important implications for understanding and treatment of mental disorders.

中文翻译：

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自闭症和精神病是截然相反的体现。

人类已经进化出一个复杂的自我意识、自我认同、自我代理和自我体现的系统，该系统以包括扩张的岛叶在内的特定神经结构为基础。身体自我的实例化已经通过“橡胶手错觉”进行了最广泛的研究，即对隐藏的真手和观察到的假手进行平行刺激，导致人们感觉假手是自己的。自闭症和精神分裂症长期以来都被认为是主要涉及自我发展改变的病症，但尚未在自我和体现方面直接比较它们。在这里，我们综合了这些及相关病症的具身认知文献，并描述了证据表明，这两组疾病表现出与典型个体对橡胶手错觉相反的易感性：在自闭症谱系中减少，在精神分裂症和其他精神情感病症中增加。此外，相反的错觉效应是由一系列一致的相关现象介导的，包括同理心、内感受、厌食症风险和表型以及遗传相关模式。总而言之，这些发现：（i）支持自闭症和精神情感障碍的直接模型，（ii）暗示了神经发育障碍中自我体现的适应性人类系统及其神经基础，并提出了新的疗法和（iii） ）实验性地建立了关于自闭症和精神病的贝叶斯预测编码模型。简单总结：人类已经进化出高度发达的自我意识和对自己身体的感知。“橡皮手错觉”可用于测试相对于与他人的联系的自我意识的个体差异。我们发现这种错觉在自闭症谱系障碍中减少，在精神病和情绪障碍中增加。这些发现对于理解和治疗精神障碍具有重要意义。