Surname distribution can be a useful tool for studying the genetic structure of a human population. In South America, the Uruguay population has traditionally been considered to be of European ancestry, despite its trihybrid origin, as proved through genetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure of the Uruguayan population, resulting from population movements and surname drift in the country. The distribution of the surnames of 2,501,774 people on the electoral register was studied in the nineteen departments of Uruguay. Multivariate approaches were used to estimate isonymic parameters. Isolation by Distance was measured by correlating isonymic and geographic distances. In the study sample, the most frequent surnames were consistently Spanish, reflecting the fact that the first immigration waves occurred before Uruguayan independence. Only a few surnames of Native origin were recorded. The effective surname number (α) for the entire country was 302, and the average for departments was 235.8 ± 19. Inbreeding estimates were lower in the south-west of the country and in the densely populated Montevideo area. Isonymic distances between departments were significantly correlated with linear geographic distance (p < 0.001) indicating continuously increasing surname distances up to 400 km. Surnames form clusters related to geographic regions affected by different historical processes. The isonymic structure of Uruguay shows a radiation towards the east and north, with short-range migration playing a major role, while the contribution of drift, considering the small variance of α, appears to be minor.

中文翻译：

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通过异名研究乌拉圭人口的结构和迁移模式

姓氏分布可以成为研究人群遗传结构的有用工具。在南美洲，乌拉圭人口传统上被认为是欧洲血统，尽管其三杂交起源，正如通过遗传学证明的那样。本研究的目的是调查乌拉圭人口结构，该结构是由该国的人口流动和姓氏漂移造成的。对乌拉圭十九个省的选民名册上 2,501,774 人的姓氏分布情况进行了研究。多变量方法用于估计等名参数。距离隔离是通过关联同名距离和地理距离来衡量的。在研究样本中，最常见的姓氏始终是西班牙人，反映了第一次移民浪潮发生在乌拉圭独立之前这一事实。只有少数原住民姓氏被记录下来。有效姓氏编号（α) 全国为 302，各部门的平均值为 235.8 ± 19。近亲繁殖估计值在该国西南部和人口稠密的蒙得维的亚地区较低。部门之间的等名距离与线性地理距离显着相关（p< 0.001) 表明姓氏距离不断增加，最高可达 400 公里。姓氏形成与受不同历史进程影响的地理区域相关的集群。乌拉圭的同名结构呈现向东和向北的辐射，短距离迁移起主要作用，而漂移的贡献，考虑方差小α, 显得微不足道。