At the beginning of the 20th century, in view of the growing international recognition of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the Spanish authorities took some important steps to support Cajal's scientific work. This recognition peaked in 1906, when Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Spanish government provided Cajal a state-of-the-art laboratory in Madrid to allow him to continue with his research and they funded salaries to pay his first tenured collaborators, the number of which increased further after the creation of the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios (JAE). The JAE was an organism set up to help promising researchers develop their careers in different ways, thereby contributing to the development of science in Spain. Although largely forgotten or relatively unknown, there has been a recent revival in the recognition of the school that developed around Cajal, collectively referred to as the Spanish Neurological School (or colloquially, as the Cajal School or School of Madrid). Almost all Cajal's collaborators were men, although a limited number of female scientists spent part of their careers at the heart of the Cajal School. Here we discuss these women and their work in the laboratory in Madrid. We have tracked the careers of Laura Forster (from Australia/United Kingdom), Manuela Serra, María Soledad Ruiz-Capillas and María Luisa Herreros (all Spanish), through their scientific publications, both in the journal founded by Cajal and elsewhere, and from other documentary sources. To complete the picture, we also outline the careers of other secondary figures that contributed to the production and running of Cajal's laboratory in Madrid. We show here that the dawn of Spanish neuroscience included a number of contributions from female researchers who to date, have received little recognition.

中文翻译：

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卡哈尔学院的女性神经科学家。

20世纪初，鉴于圣地亚哥·拉蒙·卡哈尔的国际认可度不断提高，西班牙当局采取了一些重要措施来支持卡哈尔的科学工作。这种认可在 1906 年达到顶峰，当时卡米洛·高尔基 (Camillo Golgi) 和圣地亚哥·拉蒙·卡哈尔 (Santiago Ramón y Cajal) 共同获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。西班牙政府在马德里为卡哈尔提供了一个最先进的实验室，让他能够继续他的研究，并资助他的第一批终身合作者的工资，在 Junta para Ampliación de 创建后，合作者的数量进一步增加。工作室（JAE）。JAE 是一个组织，旨在帮助有前途的研究人员以不同的方式发展他们的职业生涯，从而为西班牙科学的发展做出贡献。尽管很大程度上被遗忘或相对不为人知，但最近人们对围绕卡哈尔发展的学派的认识有所复兴，统称为西班牙神经学派（或通俗地称为卡哈尔学派或马德里学派）。几乎所有卡哈尔的合作者都是男性，尽管有少数女性科学家在卡哈尔学院的核心度过了其职业生涯的一部分。在这里，我们讨论这些女性和她们在马德里实验室的工作。我们通过 Laura Forster（来自澳大利亚/英国）、Manuela Serra、María Soledad Ruiz-Capillas 和 María Luisa Herreros（均为西班牙人）在 Cajal 和其他地方创办的期刊上以及来自其他文献来源。为了使整个画面更加完整，我们还概述了对卡哈尔马德里实验室的生产和运营做出贡献的其他次要人物的职业生涯。我们在这里展示了西班牙神经科学的开端包括女性研究人员的许多贡献，但迄今为止，这些贡献几乎没有得到认可。