Biomarker discovery has become a central topic in neurodevelopmental research. A validated biomarker could be any objective measure or test that has clinical utility for diagnostic, stratification, or predictive purposes, or that can be used to objectively measure therapeutic efficacy. Here we discuss the potential and challenges of converting tests of fundamental social, cognitive, emotional and motivational processes into clinically useful bio‐behavioral markers for neurodevelopmental conditions. Given the broad clinical and etiological heterogeneity of many neurodevelopmental conditions, we propose moving the focus from identifying group‐defining characteristics to creating cross‐domain bio‐behavioral profiles at the individual level. We outline steps to develop tests that reflect the relevant domains and that are comparable, engaging and sensitive across large age and ability ranges. Analytical validation of these tests requires creating age norms, and optimizing psychometric properties. Individual bio‐behavioral fingerprints of strengths and difficulties across domains can then be combined with multivariate approaches to identify “subgroups.” This may help researchers and clinicians to compare individuals with and without intellectual disability, track developmental stability versus changes, and facilitate family genetic studies. Clinical validation requires including these tests in multidisciplinary, longitudinal and/ or intervention studies to ascertain whether particular subgroups differ in terms of their etiology, clinical symptom profile, prognosis or therapeutic benefit. Potential advantages of bio‐behavioral tests over other biomarker methodologies, such as neuroimaging measures, include the low cost, ease of administration and analysis, low risk, and scalability through on‐line assessments or tablet applications.

中文翻译：

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将基本的社会，认知和情感过程的测试转换为神经发育状况的临床上有用的生物行为标记。

生物标志物的发现已成为神经发育研究的中心课题。经过验证的生物标记物可以是具有临床诊断，分层或预测目的的客观测量结果或测试，或可以用于客观测量治疗效果的客观测量结果或测试。在这里，我们讨论了将基本的社会，认知，情感和动机过程的测试转换为神经发育状况的临床有用的生物行为标记的潜力和挑战。鉴于许多神经发育状况的广泛临床和病因异质性，我们建议将重点从确定组定义特征转移到在个人层面创建跨域生物行为特征。我们概述了开发反映相关领域并且具有可比性的测试的步骤，在很大的年龄和能力范围内具有吸引力和敏感性。这些测试的分析验证需要创建年龄规范并优化心理测量特性。然后可以将跨领域优势和困难的个体生物行为指纹与多变量方法相结合，以识别“亚组”。这可能有助于研究人员和临床医生比较智障人士和无智障人士，追踪发育稳定性与变化之间的关系，并促进家庭遗传学研究。临床验证要求将这些测试包括在多学科，纵向和/或干预研究中，以确定特定亚组的病因，临床症状，预后或治疗益处是否不同。与其他生物标志物方法相比，生物行为测试的潜在优势，