In recent years, iron sulfur (Fe-S) proteins have been identified as key players in mammalian metabolism, ranging from long-known roles in the respiratory complexes and the citric acid cycle, to more recently recognized roles in RNA and DNA metabolism. Fe-S cofactors have often been missed because of their intrinsic lability and oxygen sensitivity. More Fe-S proteins have now been identified owing to detection of their direct interactions with components of the Fe-S biogenesis machinery, and through use of informatics to detect a motif that binds the co-chaperone responsible for transferring nascent Fe-S clusters to domains of recipient proteins. Dissection of the molecular steps involved in Fe-S transfer to Fe-S proteins has revealed that direct and shielded transfer occurs through highly conserved pathways that operate in parallel in the mitochondrial matrix and in the cytosolic/nuclear compartments of eukaryotic cells. Because Fe-S clusters have the unusual ability to accept or donate single electrons in chemical reactions, their presence renders complex chemical reactions possible. In addition, Fe-S clusters may function as sensors that interconnect activity of metabolic pathways with cellular redox status. Presence in pathways that control growth and division may enable cells to regulate their growth according to sufficiency of energy stores represented by redox capacity, and oxidation of such proteins could diminish anabolic activities to give cells an opportunity to restore energy supplies. This review will discuss mechanisms of Fe-S biogenesis and delivery, and methods that will likely reveal important roles of Fe-S proteins in proteins not yet recognized as Fe-S proteins.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物铁硫蛋白在多种多样的代谢途径的功能和调节中起着不可或缺的作用。

近年来，铁硫（Fe-S）蛋白已被确定为哺乳动物代谢的关键参与者，从呼吸复合体和柠檬酸循环中的长期已知作用，到最近在RNA和DNA代谢中的作用均得到确认。Fe-S辅助因子因其固有的不稳定性和氧敏感性而经常被错过。由于检测到了它们与Fe-S生物发生机制中各成分的直接相互作用，并且通过利用信息学来检测与负责将新生Fe-S簇转移至其中的陪伴分子结合的基序，现已鉴定出更多的Fe-S蛋白。受体蛋白的结构域。对涉及Fe-S转移到Fe-S蛋白的分子步骤的解剖揭示，直接和屏蔽的转移是通过高度保守的途径发生的，该途径在真核细胞的线粒体基质和胞质/核区室中并行运行。由于Fe-S团簇在化学反应中具有接受或给予单个电子的非同寻常的能力，因此它们的存在使复杂的化学反应成为可能。此外，Fe-S团簇可以充当传感器，将代谢途径的活动与细胞氧化还原状态联系起来。控制生长和分裂的途径中的存在可能使细胞根据氧化还原能力代表的能量存储充足来调节其生长，这些蛋白质的氧化作用可能会减少合成代谢活动，从而使细胞有机会恢复能量供应。本文将讨论Fe-S生物发生和传递的机制，以及可能揭示Fe-S蛋白在尚未被识别为Fe-S蛋白的蛋白质中的重要作用的方法。