Children who experience violence in their families and communities are at increased risk for a wide range of psychological and behavioral difficulties, but some exhibit resilience, or adaptive functioning following adversity. Understanding what promotes resilience is critical for developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies. Over 100 studies have examined potential protective factors for children exposed to violence in the past 30 years, but there has been no quantitative review of this literature. In order to identify which protective factors have received the strongest empirical support, we conducted a meta-analysis of 118 studies involving 101,592 participants. We separately evaluated cross-sectional (n = 71) and longitudinal (n = 47) studies testing bivariate, additive, and buffering effects for eleven proposed protective factors. Effect sizes generally were stronger in cross-sectional than longitudinal studies, but four protective factors—self-regulation, family support, school support, and peer support—demonstrated significant additive and/or buffering effects in longitudinal studies. Results were consistent across type of violence experienced (i.e., maltreatment, intimate partner violence, community violence). The review highlights the most robust predictors of resilience, identifies limitations of this work, and offers directions for improving our understanding of the processes and programs that foster resilience in children exposed to violence.

中文翻译：

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暴露于暴力的儿童的复原力：跨生态环境的保护因素的荟萃分析。

在家庭和社区中遭受暴力侵害的儿童，面临更大范围的心理和行为困难的风险增加，但有些儿童在逆境中表现出韧性或适应能力。了解什么能增强适应力对于制定更有效的预防和干预策略至关重要。在过去的30年中，超过100项研究已经检查了对遭受暴力侵害的儿童的潜在保护因素，但是尚未对该文献进行定量审查。为了确定哪些保护因素获得了最强有力的经验支持，我们对涉及101,592名参与者的118项研究进行了荟萃分析。我们分别评估了横截面（n  = 71）和纵向（n  = 47）研究测试拟议的11种保护因子的双变量，加和缓冲作用。在横断面研究中，效果大小通常比纵向研究要强，但四个保护因素（自我调节，家庭支持，学校支持和同伴支持）在纵向研究中显示出显着的加和和/或缓冲作用。在经历过的各种暴力类型（即虐待，亲密伴侣暴力，社区暴力）中，结果是一致的。审查重点介绍了最有力的抵御力预测指标，确定了这项工作的局限性，并提供了指导，以增进我们对促进受暴力侵害儿童的抵御力的过程和计划的理解。