Although genetic and genomic tools have greatly furthered our understanding of resistance-associated mutations in molecular target sites of insecticides, the genomic basis of transcriptional regulation of detoxification loci in insect pests and vectors remains relatively unexplored. Recent work using RNAi, reporter assays and comparative genomics are beginning to reveal the molecular architecture of this response, identifying critical transcription factors and their binding sites. Central to this is the insect ortholog of the mammalian transcription factor Nrf2, Cap ‘n’ Collar isoform-C (CncC) which as a heterodimer with Maf-S regulates the transcription of phase I, II and III detoxification loci in a range of insects, with CncC knockdown or upregulation directly affecting phenotypic resistance. CncC:Maf binds to specific antioxidant response element sequences upstream of detoxification genes to initiate transcription. Recent work is now identifying these binding sites for resistance-associated loci and, coupled with genome sequence data and reporter assays, enabling identification of polymorphisms in the CncC:Maf binding site which regulate the insecticide resistance phenotype.

尽管遗传学和基因组学工具极大地增进了我们对杀虫剂分子靶位点抗药性相关突变的理解，但在昆虫和载体中解毒基因座的转录调控的基因组基础仍然相对未开发。最近使用RNAi，报告基因分析和比较基因组学的工作开始揭示这种反应的分子结构，从而确定关键的转录因子及其结合位点。与此相关的是哺乳动物转录因子Nrf2，Cap'n'项圈同工型C（CncC）的昆虫直系同源基因，它作为与Maf-S的异二聚体，调节一系列昆虫中I，II和III期解毒基因座的转录，带有CncC抑制或上调直接影响表型耐药。CncC：Maf与排毒基因上游的特定抗氧化剂反应元件序列结合以启动转录。现在的最新工作是为抗性相关基因座鉴定这些结合位点，并与基因组序列数据和报告基因检测相结合，从而鉴定CncC：Maf结合位点中调节杀虫剂抗性表型的多态性。