We present a series of large-scale formal acceptability judgment studies that explored Norwegian island phenomena in order to follow up on previous observations that speakers of Mainland Scandinavian languages like Norwegian accept violations of certain island constraints that are unacceptable in most languages cross-linguistically. We tested the acceptability of wh-extraction from five island types: whether-, complex NP, subject, adjunct, and relative clause (RC) islands. We found clear evidence of subject and adjunct island effects on wh-extraction. We failed to find evidence that Norwegians accept wh-extraction out of complex NPs and RCs. Our participants judged wh-extraction from complex NPs and RCs to be just as unacceptable as subject and adjunct island violations. The pattern of effects in Norwegian paralleled island effects that recent experimental work has documented in other languages like English and Italian (Sprouse et al. 2012, 2016). Norwegian judgments consistently differed from prior findings for one island type: whether-islands. Our results reveal that Norwegians exhibit significant inter-individual variation in their sensitivity to whether-island effects, with many participants exhibiting no sensitivity to whether-island violations whatsoever. We discuss the implications of our findings for universalist approaches to island constraints. We also suggest ways of reconciling our results with previous observations, and offer a systematic experimental framework in which future research can investigate factors that govern apparent island insensitivity.

中文翻译：

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调查岛屿效应的变化

我们提出了一系列探索挪威岛屿现象的大规模正式可接受性判断研究，以跟进之前的观察结果，即挪威语等斯堪的纳维亚大陆语言的使用者接受违反某些岛屿限制的行为，而这些限制在大多数语言中是不可接受的。我们测试了从五种岛类型中提取 wh 的可接受性：是否-、复杂 NP、主语、附属和关系从句 (RC) 岛。我们发现了明确的证据表明主题和辅助岛对 wh 提取的影响。我们未能找到证据表明挪威人接受从复杂的 NP 和 RC 中提取 wh。我们的参与者认为，从复杂的 NP 和 RC 中提取 wh 与主题和附属岛屿违规一样不可接受。最近的实验工作用英语和意大利语等其他语言记录了挪威语的平行岛屿效应模式（Sprouse et al. 2012, 2016）。挪威的判断始终不同于先前对一种岛屿类型的调查结果：是否是岛屿。我们的研究结果表明，挪威人对是否岛屿效应的敏感性表现出显着的个体间差异，许多参与者对是否岛屿侵犯没有任何敏感性。我们讨论了我们的发现对解决岛屿限制的普遍主义方法的影响。我们还提出了将我们的结果与以前的观察结果相协调的方法，并提供了一个系统的实验框架，未来的研究可以在其中调查控制明显岛屿不敏感性的因素。