The significance of sponges for comparative studies of developmental evolution.,WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

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The significance of sponges for comparative studies of developmental evolution.
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-28 , DOI: 10.1002/wdev.359
Jeffrey Colgren ₁ , Scott A Nichols ₁

Affiliation

Sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, and cnidarians have key evolutionary significance in that they bracket the time interval during which organized animal tissues were first assembled, fundamental cell types originated (e.g., neurons and myocytes), and developmental patterning mechanisms evolved. Sponges in particular have often been viewed as living surrogates for early animal ancestors, largely due to similarities between their feeding cells (choanocytes) with choanoflagellates, the unicellular/colony‐forming sister group to animals. Here, we evaluate these claims and highlight aspects of sponge biology with comparative value for understanding developmental evolution, irrespective of the purported antiquity of their body plan. Specifically, we argue that sponges strike a different balance between patterning and plasticity than other animals, and that environmental inputs may have prominence over genetically regulated developmental mechanisms. We then present a case study to illustrate how contractile epithelia in sponges can help unravel the complex ancestry of an ancient animal cell type, myocytes, which sponges lack. Sponges represent hundreds of millions of years of largely unexamined evolutionary experimentation within animals. Their phylogenetic placement lends them key significance for learning about the past, and their divergent biology challenges current views about the scope of animal cell and developmental biology.

中文翻译：

海绵对发展演变的比较研究的意义。

海绵，尾足动物，placozoans和cnidarians具有关键的进化意义，因为它们将最初组织有组织的动物组织，基本细胞类型（例如神经元和肌细胞）起源以及发展模式机制进化的时间间隔括起来。特别是海绵，通常被认为是早期动物祖先的活代孕，主要是由于它们的摄食细胞（软骨细胞）与绒毛鞭毛虫（动物的单细胞/菌落形成的姊妹组）之间的相似性。在这里，我们评估了这些主张，并强调了海绵生物学的各个方面，具有相对的价值，对于理解发育进化，无论其身体计划的古代如何。具体来说，我们认为海绵与其他动物在花样和可塑性之间的平衡不同，并且环境投入可能比基因调控的发育机制更为突出。然后，我们提供一个案例研究，以说明海绵中的收缩性上皮细胞如何帮助解开海绵所缺乏的古老动物细胞类型（肌细胞）的复杂祖先。海绵代表着动物内部数亿年的未经审查的进化实验。它们的系统发育位置使它们对于了解过去具有重要意义，而它们的生物学差异则挑战了当前有关动物细胞和发育生物学范围的观点。海绵缺乏。海绵代表着动物内部数亿年的未经审查的进化实验。它们的系统发育位置使它们对于了解过去具有重要意义，而它们的生物学差异则挑战了当前有关动物细胞和发育生物学范围的观点。海绵缺乏。海绵代表着动物内部数亿年的未经审查的进化实验。它们的系统发育位置使它们对于了解过去具有重要意义，而它们的生物学差异则挑战了当前有关动物细胞和发育生物学范围的观点。

更新日期：2019-07-28

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