The interrelations among well-being, neuroticism, and depression can be captured in a so-called well-being spectrum (3-phenotype well-being spectrum, 3-WBS). Several other human traits are likely linked to the 3-WBS. In the present study, we investigate how the 3-WBS can be expanded. First, we constructed polygenic risk scores for the 3-WBS and used this score to predict a series of traits that have been associated with well-being in the literature. We included information on loneliness, big five personality traits, self-rated health, and flourishing. The 3-WBS polygenic score predicted all the original 3-WBS traits and additionally loneliness, self-rated health, and extraversion (R2 between 0.62% and 1.58%). Next, using LD score regression, we calculated genetic correlations between the 3-WBS and the traits of interest. From all candidate traits, loneliness and self-rated health were found to have the strongest genetic correlations (rg = - 0.79, and rg= 0.64, respectively) with the 3-WBS. Lastly, we use Genomic SEM to investigate the factor structure of the proposed spectrum. The best model fit was obtained for a two-factor model including the 5-WBS traits, with two highly correlated factors representing the negative- and positive end of the spectrum. Based on these analyses we propose to include loneliness and self-rated health in the WBS and use a 5-phenotype well-being spectrum in future studies to gain more insight into the determinants of human well-being.

中文翻译：

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幸福谱的遗传调查。

幸福感、神经质和抑郁之间的相互关系可以用所谓的幸福感谱（3-表型幸福感谱，3-WBS）来描述。其他几个人类特征可能与 3-WBS 相关。在本研究中，我们调查了如何扩展 3-WBS。首先，我们为 3-WBS 构建了多基因风险评分，并使用该评分来预测文献中与幸福感相关的一系列特征。我们纳入了关于孤独、大五人格特征、自评健康和繁荣的信息。3-WBS 多基因评分预测了所有原始 3-WBS 特征以及孤独、自评健康和外向性（R2 介于 0.62% 和 1.58% 之间）。接下来，使用 LD 分数回归，我们计算了 3-WBS 与感兴趣的性状之间的遗传相关性。从所有候选人的特征来看，发现孤独和自评健康与 3-WBS 具有最强的遗传相关性（分别为 rg = - 0.79 和 rg = 0.64）。最后，我们使用基因组扫描电镜来研究拟议光谱的因子结构。最佳模型拟合是为包括 5-WBS 特征的双因素模型获得的，其中两个高度相关的因素代表频谱的负端和正端。基于这些分析，我们建议在 WBS 中包括孤独感和自评健康，并在未来的研究中使用 5 种表型幸福感谱，以更深入地了解人类幸福感的决定因素。最佳模型拟合是为包括 5-WBS 特征的双因素模型获得的，其中两个高度相关的因素代表频谱的负端和正端。基于这些分析，我们建议将孤独感和自评健康纳入 WBS，并在未来的研究中使用 5 种表型幸福感谱，以更深入地了解人类幸福感的决定因素。最佳模型拟合是为包括 5-WBS 特征的双因素模型获得的，其中两个高度相关的因素代表频谱的负端和正端。基于这些分析，我们建议在 WBS 中包括孤独感和自评健康，并在未来的研究中使用 5 种表型幸福感谱，以更深入地了解人类幸福感的决定因素。