BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are the most prevalent diseases of the digestive system, and their association is unequivocal. A long-standing inflammatory process is one of the causes of sporadic as well as inherited cancers as it impacts on malignant transformation in a wide variety of neoplastic diseases, including colorectal cancer.MethodsAn extensive publication search was performed in Medline and PubMed database. The keywords: colorectal carcinoma, inflammation, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease were used.ResultsThe nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) and toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways are clearly involved in the inflammatory process and are therefore implicated in the transformation of normal colonic mucosa to premalignant and malignant disease. Focal sites of inflammation could significantly increase the risk of initiation and development of cancer. Altered inflammatory activity is likely to be a result of either a disturbance of intestinal bacterial flora or an inadequate cellular response to it. Additionally, increasing the level of inflammation-related factors may also interfere with the control of cellular proliferation.ConclusionsThis review shows an overview of the genetic and environmental factors that appear to influence both the occurrence of IBD and CRC with particular reference to NOD2 and TLRs as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with tumor initiation and progression (encompassing both tumor invasion and metastases), as they constitute potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

中文翻译：

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炎症性肠病过程中的结直肠癌

背景结直肠癌（CRC）和炎症性肠病（IBD）是消化系统最普遍的疾病，它们之间的关联是明确的。长期的炎症过程是散发性和遗传性癌症的原因之一，因为它影响包括结肠直肠癌在内的多种肿瘤疾病的恶性转化。方法在 Medline 和 PubMed 数据库中进行了广泛的出版物搜索。关键词：结直肠癌、炎症、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎和炎症性肠病。结果含有核苷酸结合寡聚结构域的蛋白 2 (NOD2) 和 toll 样受体 (TLR) 信号通路明显参与炎症过程，因此与正常结肠黏膜向癌前和恶性疾病的转化有关。炎症的病灶部位可能会显着增加癌症发生和发展的风险。炎症活动的改变可能是肠道菌群紊乱或细胞对它的反应不足的结果。此外，增加炎症相关因子的水平也可能干扰细胞增殖的控制。