Protected areas are an important part of broader landscapes, often used to preserve biodiversity or natural features. Some have argued that protected areas might be useful in ensuring provision of ecosystem services as well. However, research is only beginning to explore the effect of protection on ecosystem services, and whether protection is important to the provision of ecosystem services is known only for a few services in a few types of landscapes. We seek to fill this gap by investigating the effect of watershed protection status and land use/land cover on the provision of ecosystem services and biodiversity. We compared the ecosystem services provided in and around streams located in four watershed types: IUCN category II protected forests, unprotected forests, unprotected forests with recent timber harvesting, and unprotected areas with agriculture. We visited 28 streams distributed across these watershed types, in Quebec, Canada, and used field surveys to quantify clean water provision, carbon storage, recreation, wild foods, habitat quality, and terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Our results show that the quantity and quality of ecosystem services and biodiversity was generally higher in sites with intact forest - whether protected or not - relative to those embedded in production landscapes with forestry or agriculture. Clean water provision, carbon storage, habitat quality, and tree diversity were significantly higher in and around streams surrounded by forest. Recreation, wild foods, and aquatic biodiversity did not vary between watershed types. While some services can be provided by both protected and unprotected areas, protection status may help secure the continued supply of services that are sensitive to changes in land use/land cover. These findings provide needed information about the ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs and synergies that result from developing a watershed, or from protecting it. Article impact statement: Streams surrounded by forest - protected or not - support more ecosystem services and biodiversity than streams in production landscapes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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土地利用、覆盖和保护对河流和河岸生态系统服务和生物多样性的影响

保护区是更广阔景观的重要组成部分，通常用于保护生物多样性或自然特征。一些人认为，保护区也可能有助于确保提供生态系统服务。然而，研究才刚刚开始探索保护对生态系统服务的影响，保护是否对生态系统服务的提供很重要只知道少数景观类型中的少数服务。我们试图通过调查流域保护状况和土地利用/土地覆盖对生态系统服务和生物多样性提供的影响来填补这一空白。我们比较了位于四种流域类型的溪流内和周围提供的生态系统服务：IUCN II 类受保护森林、未受保护的森林、未受保护的森林与最近的木材采伐、和农业未受保护的地区。我们在加拿大魁北克访问了分布在这些流域类型中的 28 条溪流，并使用实地调查来量化清洁水供应、碳储存、娱乐、野生食物、栖息地质量以及陆地和水生生物多样性。我们的结果表明，相对于那些嵌入在林业或农业生产景观中的生态系统服务和生物多样性的数量和质量，在完整森林（无论是否受保护）的地点中，生态系统服务和生物多样性的数量和质量通常更高。森林环绕的溪流内和周围的清洁水供应、碳储存、栖息地质量和树木多样性明显更高。娱乐、野生食物和水生生物多样性在流域类型之间没有差异。虽然有些服务可以由保护区和非保护区提供，保护状态可能有助于确保对土地利用/土地覆盖变化敏感的服务的持续供应。这些发现提供了有关生态系统服务和生物多样性权衡以及因开发流域或保护流域而产生的协同作用的必要信息。文章影响声明：森林环绕的溪流（无论是否受保护）比生产景观中的溪流支持更多的生态系统服务和生物多样性。本文受版权保护。版权所有。森林环绕的溪流（无论是否受保护）比生产景观中的溪流支持更多的生态系统服务和生物多样性。本文受版权保护。版权所有。森林环绕的溪流（无论是否受保护）比生产景观中的溪流支持更多的生态系统服务和生物多样性。本文受版权保护。版权所有。