As solitary nymphal parasitoids of Paratrioza sinica, the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia lyciumi and the endoparasitoid Psyllaephagus arenarius act as effective biocontrol agents. Thus, it is necessary to facilitate mass productions of both species. Despite showing an excellent parasitic ability, Ps. arenarius is often trapped fatally inside 5th‐instar nymphs of Pa. sinica due to strong host immunity. To improve the emergence rate of Ps. arenarius, we evaluated whether Ps. arenarius could utilize T. lyciumi venom via multiparasitism, so the parasitism characteristics of both species were examined between separate‐existence (monoparasitism only) and co‐existence (mono‐ and multiparasitism) systems. Further, the parasitism characteristics of Ps. arenarius on venom‐injected hosts with/without T. lyciumi eggs were tested to further identify the facilitator. The results showed the parasitism rate of T. lyciumi was increased while that of Ps. arenarius did not change from separate‐existence to co‐existence systems. The intrinsic performances of two species in monoparasitism did not differ between separate‐ and co‐existence systems. From monoparasitism (separate‐existence) to multiparasitism (co‐existence), no differences were detected in the intrinsic performances of T. lyciumi, but those of Ps. arenarius were greatly improved. After T. lyciumi venom injection, the parasitism characteristics of Ps. arenarius did not differ between venom‐injected hosts with T. lyciumi eggs and those without, further indicating Ps. arenarius benefited from the venom of T. lyciumi females rather than T. lyciumi egg/larval secretions. Instead of negative effects, multiparasitism with ectoparasitoids improves endoparasitoids due to ectoparasitic venom. The study increases host resource utilization and provides creative ways for mass production of endoparasitoids.

中文翻译：

---

内寄生物 Psyllaephagus arenarius 通过与外寄生物 Tamarixia lyciumi 的多重寄生而受益于外寄生物毒液

作为 Paratrioza sinica 的独居若虫寄生蜂，外寄生物 Tamarixia lyciumi 和内寄生物 Psyllaephagus arenarius 可作为有效的生物防治剂。因此，有必要促进这两种物种的大规模生产。尽管表现出出色的寄生能力，Ps。由于宿主免疫能力强，arenarius 经常被致命地困在Pa. sinica 的5龄若虫体内。提高Ps的出现率。arenarius，我们评估了是否 Ps。arenarius 可以通过多寄生利用 T. lyciumi 毒液，因此在单独存在（仅单寄生）和共存（单寄生和多寄生）系统之间检查了两种物种的寄生特征。此外，Ps 的寄生特性。注射毒液的宿主上的 arenarius 有/没有 lyciumi 卵被测试以进一步确定促进剂。结果表明，T. lyciumi 的寄生率增加，而 Ps. lyciumi 的寄生率增加。arenarius 并没有从单独存在系统变为共存系统。两个物种在单寄生中的内在表现在单独和共存系统之间没有差异。从单寄生（单独存在）到多寄生（共存），T. lyciumi 的内在性能没有检测到差异，但 Ps. lyciumi 的内在性能没有检测到差异。arenarius 得到了极大的改善。T. lyciumi 毒液注射后，Ps 的寄生特性。arenarius 在注射了枸杞子的毒液宿主和没有注射了枸杞子的宿主之间没有差异，进一步表明 Ps。arenarius 受益于 T. lyciumi 雌性的毒液，而不是 T. lyciumi 卵/幼虫的分泌物。而不是负面影响，由于外寄生物毒液，具有外寄生物的多寄生可改善内寄生物。该研究提高了宿主资源的利用率，并为大规模生产内寄生物提供了创造性的方法。