In the era of precision medicine immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) share some of the highlights in personalized treatment. Survival data obtained from clinical trials shape the cut-offs and IHC scoring that serve as recommendations for patient selection both for targeted and conventional therapies. Assessment of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors along with HER2 status has been among the first approved immunostaining assays revolutionizing breast cancer treatment. Similarly, ALK positivity predicts the efficacy of ALK inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In recent years, Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) IHC assays have been approved as companion or complimentary diagnostic tools predicting the response to checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have inaugurated a new period in the treatment of advanced cancers, but the path to approval of these biomarkers is filled with immunohistochemical challenges. The latter brings to the fore the significance of molecular pathology as a hub between basic and clinical research. Besides, novel markers are translated into routine practice, suggesting that we are at the beginning of a new exciting period. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in cellular homeostasis unfolds biomarkers with greater specificity and sensitivity. The introduction of GL13 (SenTraGor®) for the detection of senescent cells in archival material, the implementation of key players of stress response pathways and the development of compounds detecting common mutant P53 isoforms in dictating oncological treatments are paradigms for precision oncology.

中文翻译：

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免疫组织化学：驱动现代肿瘤治疗的古老经典工具。

在精密医学时代，免疫组化（IHC）和免疫细胞化学（ICC）在个性化治疗中共享一些亮点。从临床试验中获得的生存数据塑造了临界值和IHC评分，为针对目标疗法和常规疗法的患者选择提供了建议。评估雌激素和孕激素受体以及HER2的状态已成为最早批准革命性改变乳腺癌治疗方法的免疫染色方法之一。同样，ALK阳性可预测ALK抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者中的疗效。近年来，程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）IHC分析已被批准为预测对检查点抑制剂反应的伴随或辅助诊断工具。抗PD-L1和抗PD-1单克隆抗体为晚期癌症的治疗开辟了一个新时期，但批准这些生物标志物的途径充满了免疫组织化学挑战。后者突显了分子病理学作为基础研究和临床研究之间枢纽的重要性。此外，新颖的标记物已转化为常规操作，这表明我们正处于一个新的令人兴奋的时期的开始。揭示细胞动态平衡涉及的分子机制，以更高的特异性和敏感性展开生物标志物。GL13（SenTraGor®）的推出，用于检测档案材料中的衰老细胞，