OBJECTIVES Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has gained tremendous momentum in recent years as a natural autologous growth factor derived from blood capable of stimulating tissue regeneration. Owing to its widespread use, many companies have commercialized various centrifugation devices with various proposed protocols. The aim of the present study was to compare 3 different commercially available centrifuges at both high and low g-force protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS PRF was produced on three commercially available centrifuges including the IntraSpin Device (IntraLock), the Duo Quattro (Process for PRF), and Salvin (Salvin Dental). Two separate protocols were tested on each machine including the original leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) protocol (~ 700 RCF max (~ 400 RCF clot) for 12 min) as well as the advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) protocol (~ 200 g RCF max (~ 130 g RCF clot) for 8 min). Each of the tested groups was compared for cell numbers, growth factor release, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological differences, and clot size (both weight and length/width). RESULTS The present study found that PRF clots produced utilizing the low-speed centrifugation speeds (~ 200 g for 8 min) produce clots that (1) contained a higher concentration of evenly distributed platelets, (2) secreted higher concentrations of growth factors over a 10 day period, and (3) were smaller in size. This was irrespective of the centrifugation device utilized and consistently observed on all 3 devices. The greatest impact was found between the protocols utilized (up to a 200%). Interestingly, it was further revealed that the centrifugation tubes used had a much greater impact on the final size outcome of PRF clots when compared to centrifugation devices. It was found that, in general, the Process for PRF tubes produced significantly greater-sized clots when compared to other commercially available tubes. The Salvin Dental tubes also produced significantly greater PRF clots when compared to the IntraLock tubes on each of the tested centrifugation devices. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the reproducibility of a scientific concept (reduction in RCF produces PRF clots with more evenly distributed cells and growth factors) utilizing different devices. Furthermore, (and until now overlooked), it was revealed for the first time that the centrifugation tubes are central to the quality production of PRF. Future research investigating tube characteristics thus becomes critically important for the future optimization of PRF. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first study to reveal the marked impact of centrifugation tubes on the final production of PRF. Future study thus becomes markedly important to further optimize the quality of PRF-based matrices. It was further found that little variability existed between the centrifugation devices if optimized centrifugation protocols (lower centrifugation speeds) were utilized.

中文翻译：

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使用3种市售离心机以相对高的离心力（〜700 g）和较低的离心力（〜200 g）生产富含血小板的纤维蛋白（PRF）的比较。

目的近年来，富含血小板的纤维蛋白（PRF）作为一种自然的自体生长因子而获得了巨大的发展势头，这种生长因子来自血液，能够刺激组织再生。由于其广泛使用，许多公司已经利用各种提议的方案使各种离心设备商业化。本研究的目的是比较3种不同的市售离心机在高g-力和低g-力方案下的使用情况。材料与方法PRF是在三台市售离心机上生产的，包括IntraSpin设备（IntraLock），Duo Quattro（PRF工艺）和Salvin（Salvin Dental）。在每台机器上测试了两个单独的协议，包括原始白细胞和富含血小板的纤维蛋白（L-PRF）协议（最大约700 RCF（约400 RCF凝块）持续12分钟）以及先进的富含血小板的纤维蛋白（A- PRF +）协议（约200 g RCF（约130 g RCF凝块）持续8分钟）。比较每个测试组的细胞数量，生长因子释放，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的形态学差异以及血块大小（重量和长度/宽度）。结果本研究发现，利用低速离心速度（约200 g，8分钟）产生的PRF凝块产生的凝块，其（1）含有较高浓度的均匀分布的血小板，（2）分泌较高浓度的生长因子。 10天，而（3）的规模较小。这与所使用的离心分离设备无关，并且在所有3个分离设备上均始终观察到。发现在所使用的协议之间影响最大​​（高达200％）。有趣的是，进一步揭示了与离心装置相比，所使用的离心管对PRF凝块的最终尺寸结果具有更大的影响。已经发现，与其他市售管相比，通常，PRF管的工艺产生的凝块明显更大。与每个测试离心设备上的IntraLock管相比，Salvin Dental管还产生了更大的PRF凝块。结论本研究证明了使用不同装置可重复性的科学概念（减少RCF产生PRF凝块，细胞和生长因子分布更均匀）。此外，（直到现在仍被忽略），这首次表明离心管对于PRF的高质量生产至关重要。因此，研究管道特性的未来研究对于PRF的未来优化变得至关重要。临床相关性这是第一个揭示离心管对PRF最终生产的显着影响的研究。因此，未来的研究对于进一步优化基于PRF的矩阵的质量至关重要。