MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that are 18-22 nucleotides long and highly conserved throughout evolution. Currently, they are considered one of the fundamental regulatory mechanisms of genes expression. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in many biologic processes, such as signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and stress responses. More recently, the role of miRNA has also been revealed in numerous immunological and inflammatory disorders, including allergic inflammation. Specific miRNA profiles were demonstrated in asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. A core set of miRNAs involved in atopic diseases include upregulated miR-21, miR-223, miR-146a, miR-142-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-146b, miR-155 and downregulated let-7 family, miR-193b and miR-375. Most of the involved miRNAs increase secretion of Th2 cytokines (miR-1248, miR-146b), decrease secretion of Th1 cytokines (miR-513-5p, miR-625-5p) or promote differentiation of T cells towards Th2 (miR-21, miR-19a). In asthma miR-140-3p, miR-708 and miR-142-3p play a role in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle cells. Some single miRNAs or, more probably, their sets hold the promise for their use as biomarkers of atopic diseases. They are also promising target of future therapies.

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MicroRNA：变应性疾病中潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶标？

微小RNA（miRNA）是小的非编码RNA分子，长18-22个核苷酸，并且在整个进化过程中高度保守。目前，它们被认为是基因表达的基本调控机制之一。已经证明miRNA参与许多生物学过程，例如信号转导，细胞增殖和分化，细胞凋亡和应激反应。最近，miRNA在许多免疫和炎症疾病（包括过敏性炎症）中的作用也已被揭示。在哮喘，变应性鼻炎和特应性皮炎中证实了特定的miRNA特性。涉及特应性疾病的一组miRNA核心包括上调的miR-21，miR-223，miR-146a，miR-142-5p，miR-142-3p，miR-146b，miR-155和下调的let-7家族，miR -193b和miR-375。大多数参与的miRNA增加Th2细胞因子的分泌（miR-1248，miR-146b），减少Th1细胞因子的分泌（miR-513-5p，miR-625-5p）或促进T细胞向Th2分化（miR-21） ，miR-19a）。在哮喘中，miR-140-3p，miR-708和miR-142-3p在支气管平滑肌细胞增生和肥大中起作用。一些单一的miRNA，或更可能是它们的集合，有望将其用作特应性疾病的生物标记。它们也是未来疗法的有希望的目标。它们的集合有望用作特应性疾病的生物标志物。它们也是未来疗法的有希望的目标。它们的集合有望用作特应性疾病的生物标志物。它们也是未来疗法的有希望的目标。