Many primate populations inhabit anthropogenic landscapes. Understanding their long-term ability to persist in such environments and associated real and perceived risks for both primates and people is essential for effective conservation planning. Primates in forest–agricultural mosaics often consume cultivars to supplement their diet, leading to potentially negative encounters with farmers. When crossing roads, primates also face the risk of encounters with people and collision with vehicles. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Bossou, Guinea, West Africa, face such risks regularly. In this study, we aimed to examine their activity budget across habitat types and the influence of anthropogenic risks associated with cultivated fields, roads, and paths on their foraging behavior in noncultivated habitat. We conducted 6-h morning or afternoon follows daily from April 2012 to March 2013. Chimpanzees preferentially used forest habitat types for traveling and resting and highly disturbed habitat types for socializing. Wild fruit and crop availability influenced seasonal habitat use for foraging. Overall, chimpanzees preferred mature forest for all activities. They showed a significant preference for foraging at >200 m from cultivated fields compared to 0–100 m and 101–200 m, with no effect of habitat type or season, suggesting an influence of associated risk. Nevertheless, the chimpanzees did not actively avoid foraging close to roads and paths. Our study reveals chimpanzee reliance on different habitat types and the influence of human-induced pressures on their activities. Such information is critical for the establishment of effective land use management strategies in anthropogenic landscapes.

中文翻译：

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西非几内亚博苏人类景观中黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes verus）的活动和栖息地利用


许多灵长类动物种群栖息在人类活动的景观中。了解它们在这种环境中长期生存的能力以及对灵长类动物和人类来说相关的真实和感知的风险对于有效的保护规划至关重要。森林-农业镶嵌体中的灵长类动物经常食用栽培品种来补充饮食，这可能会导致与农民发生潜在的负面冲突。过马路时，灵长类动物还面临着与人和车辆碰撞的风险。西非几内亚博苏的黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes verus）经常面临此类风险。在这项研究中，我们的目的是检查它们在不同栖息地类型中的活动预算，以及与耕地、道路和路径相关的人为风险对其在非耕地栖息地中觅食行为的影响。从2012年4月到2013年3月，我们每天早上或下午进行6小时的跟踪。黑猩猩优先使用森林栖息地类型进行旅行和休息，使用高度干扰的栖息地类型进行社交。野生水果和农作物的可用性影响了觅食的季节性栖息地利用。总体而言，黑猩猩更喜欢成熟的森林进行所有活动。与 0-100 m 和 101-200 m 相比，它们表现出对在耕地 >200 m 处觅食的显着偏好，不受栖息地类型或季节的影响，表明存在相关风险的影响。尽管如此，黑猩猩并没有主动避免在道路和小径附近觅食。我们的研究揭示了黑猩猩对不同栖息地类型的依赖以及人类造成的压力对其活动的影响。这些信息对于在人类景观中建立有效的土地利用管理战略至关重要。