AimsThe pseudo-cereal quinoa has an outstanding nutritional value. Seed germination is unusually fast, and plant tolerance to salt stress exceptionally high. Seemingly all seeds harbor bacterial endophytes. This work examines mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities during early development. It evaluates possible contribution of endophytes to rapid germination and plant robustness.MethodsMAPK activities were monitored in water- and NaCl-imbibed seeds over a 4-h-period using an immunoblot-based approach. Cellulolytic and pectinolytic abilities of bacteria were assessed biochemically, and cellular movement, biofilm, elicitor and antimicrobial compound synthesis genes sequenced. GyrA-based, cultivation-independent studies provided first insight into endophyte diversity.ResultsQuinoa seeds and seedlings exhibit remarkably complex and dynamic MAPK activity profiles. Depending on seed origin, variances exist in MAPK patterns and probably also in endophyte assemblages. Mucilage-degrading activities enable endophytes to colonize seed surfaces of a non-host species, chia, without apparent adverse effects.ConclusionsOwing to their motility, cell wall-loosening and elicitor-generating abilities, quinoa endophytes have the potential to drive cell expansion, move across cell walls, generate damage-associated molecular patterns and activate MAPKs in their host. Bacteria may thus facilitate rapid germination and confer a primed state directly upon seed rehydration. Transfer into non-native crops appears both desirable and feasible.

中文翻译：

---

发芽、内生菌定植的藜麦种子的分子动力学

目的伪谷物藜麦具有突出的营养价值。种子发芽异常快，植物对盐胁迫的耐受性异常高。似乎所有种子都含有细菌内生菌。这项工作检查了早期发育过程中丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 的活性。它评估了内生菌对快速发芽和植物健壮性的可能贡献。方法使用基于免疫印迹的方法在 4 小时内监测吸收了水和 NaCl 的种子中的 MAPK 活性。对细菌的纤维素分解和果胶分解能力进行了生化评估，并对细胞运动、生物膜、引发剂和抗菌化合物合成基因进行了测序。基于 GyrA 的独立于培养的研究首次深入了解内生菌多样性。结果藜麦种子和幼苗表现出非常复杂和动态的 MAPK 活性特征。根据种子来源的不同，MAPK 模式存在差异，内生菌组合也可能存在差异。粘液降解活性使内生菌能够在非宿主物种奇亚籽的种子表面定殖，而没有明显的不利影响。结论由于藜麦内生菌的运动性、细胞壁松弛和诱导子产生能力，因此有可能驱动细胞扩张、移动穿过细胞壁，产生与损伤相关的分子模式并激活宿主中的 MAPK。因此，细菌可以促进快速发芽并在种子再水化时直接赋予引发状态。转移到非本地作物中似乎既可取又可行。