For precisely regulating intracellular Ca2+ signals in a time- and space-dependent manner, cells make use of various components of the "Ca2+ signaling toolkit," including Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ extrusion systems. A class of cytosolic Ca2+-binding proteins termed Ca2+ buffers serves as modulators of such, mostly short-lived Ca2+ signals. Prototypical Ca2+ buffers include parvalbumins (α and β isoforms), calbindin-D9k, calbindin-D28k, and calretinin. Although initially considered to function as pure Ca2+ buffers, that is, as intracellular Ca2+ signal modulators controlling the shape (amplitude, decay, spread) of Ca2+ signals, evidence has accumulated that calbindin-D28k and calretinin have additional Ca2+ sensor functions. These other functions are brought about by direct interactions with target proteins, thereby modulating their targets' function/activity. Dysregulation of Ca2+ buffer expression is associated with several neurologic/neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. In some cases, the presence of these proteins is presumed to confer a neuroprotective effect, as evidenced in animal models of Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

中文翻译：

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细胞溶质 Ca2+ 缓冲液本质上是 Ca2+ 信号调节剂。

为了以时间和空间依赖的方式精确调节细胞内 Ca2+ 信号，细胞利用“Ca2+ 信号工具包”的各种组件，包括 Ca2+ 进入和 Ca2+ 挤出系统。一类称为 Ca2+ 缓冲液的细胞溶质 Ca2+ 结合蛋白充当此类信号的调节剂，主要是短期 Ca2+ 信号。原型 Ca2+ 缓冲液包括小清蛋白（α 和 β 同种型）、钙结合蛋白-D9k、钙结合蛋白-D28k 和钙视网膜蛋白。虽然最初被认为是作为纯 Ca2+ 缓冲液发挥作用，即作为控制 Ca2+ 信号形状（振幅、衰减、传播）的细胞内 Ca2+ 信号调节剂，但已有证据表明 calbindin-D28k 和 calretinin 具有额外的 Ca2+ 传感器功能。这些其他功能是通过与目标蛋白的直接相互作用而产生的，从而调节它们的目标 功能/活动。Ca2+ 缓冲液表达的失调与多种神经/神经发育障碍有关，包括自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 和精神分裂症。在某些情况下，这些蛋白质的存在被认为具有神经保护作用，如帕金森病或阿尔茨海默病的动物模型所证明的那样。