Foods and beverages marketed for infants, babies, and toddlers through 3 years of age is a $7 billion industry in the United States, incorporating a wide range of products, including infant formula and other types of drinks, foods, and snacks. The World Health Organization (“WHO”) found that mothers “are often inundated with incorrect and biased information” from direct advertising, health claims on products, information packs from sales representatives, and the distribution of samples of infant formula and “educational materials” by infant formula manufacturers. To address these problematic practices, in 1981, the WHO established the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the “Code”) to end the inappropriate marketing of infant formula and other food and drinks intended for children up to age two. In 2016, WHO expanded the definition of breastmilk substitutes to include milk and milk products specifically marketed for feeding infants and young children up to age three. However, the United States is one of a minority of countries that has not passed any legislation or regulation to implement the Code. Furthermore, U.S. regulation and enforcement actions have not kept pace with the introduction of new products and product categories and the profusion of labeling and marketing claims questionably implying nutritional and developmental benefits from these products.

中文翻译：

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婴幼儿食品和饮料营销和标签的联邦法规

面向 3 岁以下婴幼儿销售的食品和饮料在美国是一个价值 70 亿美元的产业，涉及范围广泛的产品，包括婴儿配方奶粉和其他类型的饮料、食品和零食。世界卫生组织 (“WHO”) 发现，来自直接广告、产品的健康声明、销售代表的信息包以及婴儿配方奶粉样品和“教育材料”的分发，母亲“经常被不正确和有偏见的信息所淹没”由婴儿配方奶粉制造商提供。为了解决这些有问题的做法，世界卫生组织于 1981 年制定了《国际母乳代用品营销守则》（“守则”），以终止针对 2 岁以下儿童的婴儿配方奶粉和其他食品和饮料的不当营销。2016年，世卫组织扩大了母乳替代品的定义，包括专门为喂养三岁以下婴幼儿而销售的牛奶和奶制品。然而，美国是少数没有通过任何立法或法规来实施该守则的国家之一。此外，美国的监管和执法行动没有跟上新产品和产品类别的推出，以及大量暗示这些产品的营养和发育益处的标签和营销声明。