Sarcopenia is an age-related geriatric syndrome that is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and function. Chronic heart failure (CHF), the final stage of various cardiovascular diseases, may be closely correlated with the occurrence of sarcopenia. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that CHF can promote the development of sarcopenia through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including malnutrition, inflammation, hormonal changes, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Additionally, CHF can aggravate the adverse outcomes associated with sarcopenia, including falls, osteoporosis, frailty, cachexia, hospitalization, and mortality. Sarcopenia and CHF are mutually interacting clinical syndromes. Patients with these two syndromes seem to endure a double burden, with no particularly effective way to hinder their progression. However, the combination of physical exercise, nutritional supplements, and drug therapy may counteract the development of these maladies. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcopenia in patients with CHF.

中文翻译：

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慢性心力衰竭少肌症的发病机理和治疗的新见解。

肌肉减少症是一种与年龄有关的老年综合症，其特征是肌肉质量，力量和功能的逐渐丧失。慢性心力衰竭（CHF）是各种心血管疾病的最后阶段，可能与肌肉减少症的发生密切相关。越来越多的证据表明，CHF可以通过营养不良，炎症，激素变化，氧化应激，自噬和细胞凋亡等多种病理生理机制促进肌肉减少症的发展。此外，CHF可加重与肌肉减少症相关的不良后果，包括跌倒，骨质疏松，虚弱，恶病质，住院和死亡率。肌肉减少症和CHF是相互影响的临床综合征。患有这两种综合征的患者似乎要承受双重负担，并没有特别有效的方法来阻碍它们的发展。但是，体育锻炼，营养补充和药物治疗相结合可能会抵消这些疾病的发展。在这篇综述中，我们将总结CHF患者少肌症的发病机理和治疗的最新进展。