Early animal-metacognition researchers singled out simultaneous metacognition paradigms for theoretical criticism, because these paradigms presented concretely rewarded perceptual responses and the metacognitive response simultaneously. This method potentially introduced associative cues into the situation that could confound the interpretation of the metacognitive response. Evaluating this possibility, we compared humans' metacognitive performances in simultaneous and nonsimultaneous (prospective, retrospective) paradigms that were otherwise identical. Results show that the metacognition response in these tasks is not prompted by associative cues arising from the simultaneous task format. To the contrary, the metacognitive response is used more robustly and accurately when it is removed from direct competition with the primary perceptual responses. Thus, early researchers were correct to judge that the nonsimultaneous paradigms tap metacognition more robustly and sensitively. However, this is probably true because the simultaneous paradigm mingles responses adjudicated on two different cognitive-processing levels. And, in that case, the metacognitive response can be outcompeted and suppressed by the salient presence of primary, concretely rewarded perceptual responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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同步与预期/回顾性不确定性监视：跨认知水平的响应竞争的影响。

早期的动物元认知研究人员选择了同时元认知范式进行理论批评，因为这些范式同时呈现出具体的奖励感知反应和元认知反应。这种方法可能将联想线索引入可能混淆元认知反应解释的情况中。为了评估这种可能性，我们比较了人类在同时和非同时（前瞻性，回顾性）范例中的元认知表现。结果表明，这些任务中的元认知反应不是由同时任务格式引起的关联提示所提示的。相反的，当将元认知反应与主要的知觉反应从直接竞争中删除时，元认知反应的使用会更可靠，更准确。因此，早期的研究人员正确地判断出，非同时范式可以更稳健，更敏感地挖掘元认知。但是，这可能是正确的，因为同时范式混合了在两个不同的认知加工水平上做出的裁决。并且，在这种情况下，元认知反应可以被主要的，具体奖励的感知反应的显着存在所竞争和抑制。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。这可能是正确的，因为同时范式混合了在两个不同的认知加工水平上做出的裁决。并且，在这种情况下，元认知反应可以被主要的，具体奖励的感知反应的显着存在所竞争和抑制。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。这可能是正确的，因为同时范式混合了在两个不同的认知加工水平上做出的裁决。并且，在这种情况下，元认知反应可以被主要的，具体奖励的感知反应的显着存在所竞争和抑制。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。