Aim of the study: Deep carious lesions may cause irreversible pulpitis and the current endodontic treatment typically removes the whole dental pulp tissue, which finally reduces lifespan of the teeth. Nowadays, the most frequent treatment is based on removing the infected tissue and filling the root canal with inert synthetic materials. Tissue engineering approaches are important alternatives to the current treatment, because they can potentially maintain the biological function of the tooth instead of sacrificing it.Materials and Methods: In this study, we propose a tissue engineering approach based on a hand-held in situ bioprinting strategy. Our approach enabled bioprinting of cell-loaded collagen-based bioinks with suitable rheological, structural and biological properties, which allowed for vasculogenesis in the root canal.Results: The rheological properties of the bioprintable bioink were measured by oscillatory amplitude sweep testing and were corroborated by macroscopic evaluation after in vitro culture, in which printed bioinks maintained their original form without contraction. Moreover, we showed evidence for successful vasculogenesis in bioprintable bioinks with comparable quality and quantity to control fibrin and collagen non-bioprintable hydrogels.Conclusions: We conclude that hand-held bioprinting holds potential for in situ treatment of dental diseases with successful evidence for vascular tube formation, as an asset for maintenance of the biological function of the tooth.

中文翻译：

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用于从头血管形成的手持式生物打印，适用于牙髓再生。

研究目的：深部龋损可能导致不可逆的牙髓炎，目前的牙髓治疗通常会去除整个牙髓组织，最终会缩短牙齿的寿命。如今，最常见的治疗方法是去除受感染的组织并用惰性合成材料填充根管。组织工程方法是当前治疗的重要替代方案，因为它们可以潜在地保持牙齿的生物学功能而不是牺牲它。 材料和方法：在这项研究中，我们提出了一种基于手持原位生物打印的组织工程方法战略。我们的方法能够生物打印具有合适流变学、结构和生物学特性的基于细胞的胶原蛋白生物墨水，从而允许在根管中进行血管生成。 结果：可生物打印的生物墨水的流变特性通过振荡振幅扫描测试进行测量，并在体外培养后通过宏观评估得到证实，其中打印的生物墨水保持其原始形式而不会收缩。此外，我们展示了生物可打印生物墨水成功血管生成的证据，其质量和数量与控制纤维蛋白和胶原蛋白不可生物打印的水凝胶相当。结论：我们得出结论，手持式生物打印具有原位治疗牙科疾病的潜力，血管管的成功证据形成，作为维持牙齿生物功能的资产。其中印刷的生物墨水保持其原始形式而不会收缩。此外，我们展示了生物可打印生物墨水成功血管生成的证据，其质量和数量与控制纤维蛋白和胶原蛋白不可生物打印的水凝胶相当。结论：我们得出结论，手持式生物打印具有原位治疗牙科疾病的潜力，血管管的成功证据形成，作为维持牙齿生物功能的资产。其中印刷的生物墨水保持其原始形式而不会收缩。此外，我们展示了生物可打印生物墨水成功血管生成的证据，其质量和数量与控制纤维蛋白和胶原蛋白不可生物打印的水凝胶相当。结论：我们得出结论，手持式生物打印具有原位治疗牙科疾病的潜力，血管管的成功证据形成，作为维持牙齿生物功能的资产。