There is a growing need to develop and characterize reference metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) of high purity and tunable intrinsic properties suitable for nanotoxicology research. Here a high throughput (volume) and precision flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) approach coupled with state-of-the-art characterization techniques are utilized to generate such reference ENMs. The lab-based and industrially relevant FSP system, termed as Versatile Engineered Nanomaterials Generation System (VENGES), synthesizes the metals and metal oxides, at high throughput manner with controlled properties, such as primary particle size, aggregate diameter, shape, crystallinity, stoichiometry and surface chemistry. A nanopanel of nine reference ENMs (silica, silver, silver supported on silica, alumina, ceria and iron oxide) was synthesized and characterized using combined electron microscopy, advanced spectroscopic techniques and physical analyses (e.g., BET, XRD, TEM, pycnometry, XPS, ICP-MS and FTIR). ENMs show a high degree of chemical purity and stoichiometry, and low content of carbon residuals, and are sterile and free of bacteria and endotoxins. Further, their colloidal properties and their implication in in-vitro dosimetry have been also investigated in both environmental and test biological media. The suitability of reference ENMs and protocols developed in this study brings forth new arenas to generate reliable and reproducible toxicological data in an effort to reduce conflicting and contradicting inter-laboratory data on relative toxic effects of ENMs.

中文翻译：

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使用高通量和精密火焰喷涂合成方法开发用于纳米毒理学研究的参考金属和金属氧化物工程纳米材料


人们越来越需要开发和表征适合纳米毒理学研究的高纯度和可调固有特性的参考金属和金属氧化物工程纳米材料 (ENM)。这里采用高通量（体积）和精密火焰喷射热解（FSP）方法以及最先进的表征技术来生成此类参考 ENM。基于实验室且与工业相关的 FSP 系统被称为多功能工程纳米材料生成系统 (VENGES)，以高通量方式合成金属和金属氧化物，并具有受控特性，例如初级粒径、聚集体直径、形状、结晶度、化学计量和表面化学。使用组合电子显微镜、先进的光谱技术和物理分析（例如 BET、XRD、TEM、比重法、XPS 、ICP-MS 和 FTIR）。 ENM 具有高度的化学纯度和化学计量，碳残留量低，并且无菌且不含细菌和内毒素。此外，还在环境和测试生物介质中研究了它们的胶体特性及其在体外剂量测定中的含义。本研究中开发的参考 ENM 和方案的适用性带来了生成可靠且可重复的毒理学数据的新领域，以努力减少有关 ENM 相对毒性作用的实验室间数据的冲突和矛盾。