ABSTRACT In aquatic systems, prey animals associate predation risk with cues that originate either from the predator or from injured conspecifics. Sources and benefits of these cues have received considerable attention in river, lake, and pond ecosystems but are less well understood in small container ecosystems that can hold less than a liter of water. Mosquitoes Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) encounter predatory Corethrella appendiculata (Grabham) and Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett) in small containers and show antipredatory behavioral responses. We investigated the sources of the predation cues to which these prey larvae respond. We tested whether Ae. albopictus larvae show behavioral responses to cues emanating from the predator or from damage to prey caused by the act of predation. We also tested whether Ae. triseriatus respond to cues present in fluid or solid residues from predator activity. Ae. albopictus showed behavioral modifications only in response to waterborne cues from a feeding predator and not to cues from a starving predator, indicating that Ae. albopictus respond to cues created by the act of predation, which could include substances derived from damaged prey or substances in predator feces. Ae. triseriatus showed behavioral responses to solid residues from predation but not to fluid without those solids, indicating that the cues to which they respond originate in predator feces or uneaten prey body parts. Our results suggest that cues in this system may be primarily chemicals that are detected upon contact with solid residues that are products of the feeding processes of these predators.

中文翻译：

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容器系统中捕食风险线索的性质：蚊子对捕食固体残留物的反应

摘要在水生系统中，猎物动物将捕食风险与来自捕食者或受伤的同种动物的线索联系起来。这些线索的来源和好处在河流、湖泊和池塘生态系统中受到了相当多的关注，但在可容纳不到一升水的小型容器生态系统中却鲜为人知。蚊子 Aedes triseriatus (Say) 和 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 在小容器中遇到掠食性 Corethrella appendiculata (Grabham) 和 Toxorhynchites rut​​ilus (Coquillett) 并表现出反掠夺行为反应。我们调查了这些猎物幼虫反应的捕食线索的来源。我们测试了 Ae. albopictus 幼虫对捕食者发出的线索或捕食行为对猎物造成的损害表现出行为反应。我们还测试了 Ae. triseriatus 对来自捕食者活动的液体或固体残留物中存在的线索作出反应。艾。albopictus 仅对来自进食捕食者的水传播线索做出反应，而不是对饥饿捕食者的线索做出反应，表明 Ae. albopictus 对捕食行为产生的线索做出反应，其中可能包括来自受损猎物的物质或捕食者粪便中的物质。艾。triseriatus 对捕食产生的固体残留物表现出行为反应，但对没有这些固体的液体则没有表现出行为反应，这表明它们反应的线索来自捕食者的粪便或未食用的猎物身体部位。我们的研究结果表明，该系统中的线索可能主要是在与固体残留物接触时检测到的化学物质，这些残留物是这些捕食者摄食过程的产物。