Reward uncertainty has been shown to invigorate rather than attenuate cue attraction and responding. For example, a number of findings have shown that partial reinforcement in autoshaping increases response rates to a conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus) in comparison with continuous reinforcement. However, identifying the nature of this effect remains a topical question. The frustration theory posits that animals are frustrated by reward loss and predicts that enhanced responding results from higher response rates to conditional stimulus presentations that follow nonrewarded trials rather than rewarded trials. In contrast, the incentive hope hypothesis suggests that animals are motivated by possible future rewards and predicts similar response rates after rewarded and nonrewarded trials. Our results, which consist of a reanalysis of previously published data (Hellberg, Levit, & Robinson, 2018), are consistent with the incentive hope hypothesis because no differences were found between trials that follow rewarded or nonrewarded trials, or between trials that follow small or larger amounts of food reward in rats. There was also no evidence for an accumulation of frustration across each training session, with rats instead displaying enhanced yet stable responding from beginning to end. The incentive hope hypothesis is also briefly discussed in relation to the concept of incentive salience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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奖励不确定性下动机增强符号跟踪行为的证据。

奖励不确定性已经显示出可以激励而不是减弱线索的吸引和响应。例如，许多发现表明，与连续强化相比，自动成型中的部分强化可提高对条件刺激（条件刺激）的响应率。但是，确定这种影响的性质仍然是一个热门问题。沮丧理论认为，奖励损失会使动物沮丧，并预测由于对非奖励试验而非奖励试验的条件刺激表现出较高的响应率，因此响应结果得到了增强。相比之下，激励希望假说表明，动物受到未来可能的奖励的激励，并且在奖励和非奖励试验后预测相似的反应率。我们的结果 重新分析以前发布的数据（Hellberg，Levit，＆Robinson，2018）构成了激励希望假说，因为在奖励性或非奖励性试验之间，小额或大额试验之间没有发现差异老鼠的食物奖励 也没有证据表明在每次训练中都会产生挫败感，而老鼠从头到尾都表现出增强而稳定的反应。关于激励显着性的概念，也简要讨论了激励希望假设。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。这与激励希望假说是一致的，因为在奖励性或非奖励性试验之后的试验之间或在大鼠进行少量或大量食物奖励后的试验之间没有发现差异。也没有证据表明在每次训练中都会产生挫败感，而老鼠从头到尾都表现出增强而稳定的反应。关于激励显着性的概念，也简要讨论了激励希望假设。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。这与激励希望假说是一致的，因为在奖励性或非奖励性试验之后的试验之间或在大鼠进行少量或大量食物奖励后的试验之间没有发现差异。也没有证据表明在每次训练中都会产生挫败感，而老鼠从头到尾都表现出增强而稳定的反应。关于激励显着性的概念，也简要讨论了激励希望假设。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。关于激励显着性的概念，也简要讨论了激励希望假设。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。关于激励显着性的概念，也简要讨论了激励希望假设。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。