ABSTRACT

Foreign-born Hispanics have better cardiometabolic health upon arrival in the US than their US-born counterparts, yet this advantage diminishes as duration of residence in the US increases. Underlying mechanisms explaining this paradox have been understudied. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA), this study examined immigration history (immigrant generation and duration of US residence) in relation to biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble forms of type 1 and 2 receptors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, adiponectin) in a sample of 1,290 predominantly Mexican-origin immigrants. Second and ≥3rd generation immigrants had higher IL-6 and leptin levels than 1st generation immigrants living in the US for less than 15 years (2nd generation percent difference = 45.9; 95% CI: 24.7, 70.7 and 3rd generation percent difference = 41.8; 95% CI: 17.7, 70.4). CRP and sTNF-R1 levels were higher among ≥3rd generation immigrants than 1st generation immigrants with less than 15 years of US residency. Worse inflammatory profiles were observed among Mexican-origin immigrants with longer US immigration histories, independent of health, and behavioral factors. Additional research is warranted to understand the factors that shape trajectories of biological risk across generations of Hispanics.

摘要

外国出生的西班牙裔美国人抵达美国后，其心脏代谢健康状况要比美国出生的西班牙裔美国人好，但是随着在美国居住时间的增加，这种优势逐渐减弱。解释此悖论的基本机制已被研究不足。使用萨克拉曼多地区拉丁裔老龄化研究（SALSA）的数据，本研究检查了与炎症生物标志物（白介素6（IL-6），1型可溶形式和白细胞介素6形式）相关的移民史（移民产生和美国居留时间）。在来自1,290名主要来自墨西哥的移民样本中，发现了2种肿瘤坏死因子-α受体（sTNF-R1和sTNF-R2），C反应蛋白（CRP），瘦素，脂联素。第二代和≥3代移民的IL-6和瘦素水平高于在美国居住不到15年的第一代移民（第二代百分比差异= 45.9； 95％CI：24.7、70.7和第三代百分比差异= 41.8； 95％CI：17.7，70.4）。≥3代移民中的CRP和sTNF-R1水平高于在美国居住不足15年的第1代移民。在具有较长美国移民历史，独立于健康和行为因素的墨西哥裔移民中观察到更严重的炎症。有必要进行额外的研究来了解影响西班牙裔一代之间生物风险轨迹的因素。≥3代移民中的CRP和sTNF-R1水平高于在美国居住不足15年的第1代移民。在具有较长美国移民历史，独立于健康和行为因素的墨西哥裔移民中观察到更严重的炎症。有必要进行额外的研究来了解影响西班牙裔一代之间生物风险轨迹的因素。≥3代移民中的CRP和sTNF-R1水平高于在美国居住不足15年的第1代移民。在具有较长美国移民历史，独立于健康和行为因素的墨西哥裔移民中观察到更严重的炎症。有必要进行额外的研究来了解影响西班牙裔一代之间生物风险轨迹的因素。