Complex multicellularity (CM) is characterized by the generation of three-dimensional structures that follow a genetically controlled program. CM emerged at least five times in evolution, one of them in fungi. There are two types of CM programs in fungi, leading, respectively, to the formation of sexual or asexual spores. Asexual spores foment the spread of mycoses, as they are the main vehicle for dispersion. In spite of this key dependence, there is great morphological diversity of asexual multicellular structures in fungi. To advance the understanding of the mechanisms that control initiation and progression of asexual CM and how they can lead to such a remarkable morphological diversification, we studied 503 fungal proteomes, representing all phyla and subphyla, and most known classes. Conservation analyses of 33 regulators of asexual development suggest stepwise emergence of transcription factors. While velvet proteins constitute one of the most ancient systems, the central regulator BrlA emerged late in evolution (with the class Eurotiomycetes). Some factors, such as MoConX4, seem to be species-specific. These observations suggest that the emergence and evolution of transcriptional regulators rewire transcriptional networks. This process could reach the species level, resulting in a vast diversity of morphologies.

中文翻译：

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转录网络的重新布线是导致真菌中无性多细胞性多样性的重要事件。

复杂多细胞性（CM）的特征在于遵循遗传控制程序的三维结构的生成。CM在进化中至少出现了五次，其中之一在真菌中出现。真菌中的CM程序有两种类型，分别导致有性或无性孢子的形成。无性孢子是霉菌传播的主要媒介，因此会促进霉菌的传播。尽管存在这种关键的依赖性，真菌中无性多细胞结构仍具有很大的形态多样性。为了进一步了解控制无性CM的启动和发展的机制，以及它们如何导致如此显着的形态多样化，我们研究了代表所有门和门下的503种真菌蛋白质组，以及最著名的类。33个无性发育调节因子的保守性分析提示转录因子逐步出现。天鹅绒蛋白是最古老的系统之一，而中央调节剂BrlA则是在进化晚期出现的（Eurotiomycetes类）。一些因素，例如MoConX4，似乎是特定于物种的。这些观察结果表明转录调节子的出现和进化使转录网络重新连接。这个过程可能达到物种的水平，导致形态上的多样性。这些观察结果表明转录调节子的出现和进化使转录网络重新连接。这个过程可能达到物种的水平，导致形态上的多样性。这些观察结果表明转录调节子的出现和进化使转录网络重新连接。这个过程可能达到物种的水平，导致形态上的多样性。