Abnormal behavior occurs in a number of captive nonhuman primate species and is often used as an indicator of welfare. However, reported levels of abnormal behavior often vary across species, making general welfare judgments difficult. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in levels of abnormal behavior and associated risk factors across three species of Old World monkeys in order to identify similarities and differences across species. The subjects were 415 (109 females) cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), 365 (181 females) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and 331 (187 females) baboons (Papio hamadryas) that had been singly-housed for 30-120 days. A 5-min observation using one-zero sampling recorded the presence or absence of abnormal behavior for each animal. Macaques exhibited higher levels of abnormal behavior than baboons (29% vs. 14%; χ2(1) = 24.849, p < 0.001), but there was no difference between macaque species (30% vs. 28%; χ2(1) = 0.263, p = 0.608). Risk factors also varied. Overall, males exhibited greater levels of motor stereotypies (b = 0.425, p < 0.05), females greater levels of abnormal appetitive behavior (b = 1.703, p < 0.05), and older animals greater levels of self-directed behavior (b = 0.065, p < 0.05). However, macaques exhibited greater levels of motor stereotypy (b = 2.527, p < 0.001) and self-directed behavior (b = 2.968, p < 0.005) than did baboons. There was also a genus × sex interaction for abnormal appetitive behavior (b = -2.379, p < 0.01) and a genus × age interaction for motor stereotypy (b = -0.167, p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that differences in abnormal behavior exist across closely-related primate species. Therefore, a single species cannot be used generally as a model for abnormal behavior or animal welfare.

中文翻译：

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三种单养旧世界猴异常行为的跨物种比较


许多圈养的非人类灵长类动物都会出现异常行为，通常被用作福利指标。然而，报告的异常行为水平往往因物种而异，这使得总体福利判断变得困难。本研究的目的是评估三种旧大陆猴子的异常行为水平和相关风险因素的差异，以确定物种之间的相似性和差异。研究对象为 415 只（109 只雌性）食蟹猴（Macaca fasciculis）、365 只（181 只雌性）恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）和 331 只（187 只雌性）狒狒（Papio hamadryas），这些动物已单独饲养 30-120 天。使用一零采样进行 5 分钟观察，记录每只动物是否存在异常行为。猕猴表现出比狒狒更高水平的异常行为（29% vs. 14%；χ2(1) = 24.849，p < 0.001），但猕猴物种之间没有差异（30% vs. 28%；χ2(1) = 0.263，p = 0.608）。危险因素也各不相同。总体而言，雄性表现出较高水平的运动刻板印象（b = 0.425，p < 0.05），雌性表现出较高水平的异常食欲行为（b = 1.703，p < 0.05），而老年动物表现出较高水平的自我导向行为（b = 0.065） ，p < 0.05）。然而，猕猴比狒狒表现出更高水平的运动刻板性（b = 2.527，p < 0.001）和自我导向行为（b = 2.968，p < 0.005）。异常食欲行为还存在属×性别交互作用（b = -2.379，p < 0.01），运动刻板行为也存在属×年龄交互作用（b = -0.167，p < 0.05）。这些结果表明，密切相关的灵长类动物物种之间存在异常行为差异。 因此，单一物种不能普遍用作异常行为或动物福利的模型。