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Finding inhabited settlements and tracking vaccination progress: the application of satellite imagery analysis to guide the immunization response to confirmation of previously-undetected, ongoing endemic wild poliovirus transmission in Borno State, Nigeria.
International Journal of Health Geographics ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-05-16 , DOI: 10.1186/s12942-019-0175-y
Jeff Higgins 1 , Usman Adamu 2 , Kehinde Adewara 3 , Adeshina Aladeshawe 4 , Aron Aregay 5 , Inuwa Barau 6 , Andrew Berens 1 , Omotayo Bolu 7 , Nina Dutton 1 , Nnaemeka Iduma 8 , Bryant Jones 1 , Brian Kaplan 1 , Sule Meleh 9 , Melton Musa 10 , Gatei Wa Nganda 7 , Vincent Seaman 4 , Anupma Sud 3 , Stephane Vouillamoz 11 , Eric Wiesen 7
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Four wild polio-virus cases were reported in Borno State, Nigeria 2016, 1 year after Nigeria had been removed from the list of polio endemic countries by the World Health Organization. Resulting from Nigeria's decade long conflict with Boko Haram, health officials had been unable to access as much as 60% of the settlements in Borno, hindering vaccination and surveillance efforts. This lack of accessibility made it difficult for the government to assess the current population distribution within Borno. This study aimed to use high resolution, visible band satellite imagery to assess the habitation of inaccessible villages in Borno State. METHODS Using high resolution (31-50 cm) imagery from DigitalGlobe, analysts evaluated the habitation status of settlements in Borno State identified by Nigeria's Vaccination Tracking System. The analysts looked at imagery of each settlement and, using vegetation (overgrowth vs. cleared) as a proxy for human habitation, classified settlements into three categories: inhabited, partially abandoned, and abandoned. Analysts also classified the intact percentage of each settlement starting at 0% (totally destroyed since last assessment) and increasing in 25% intervals through 100% (completely intact but not expanded) up to 200+% (more than doubled in size) by looking for destroyed buildings. These assessments were then used to adjust previously established population estimates for each settlement. These new population distributions were compared to vaccination efforts to determine the number of children under 5 unreached by vaccination teams. RESULTS Of the 11,927 settlements assessed 3203 were assessed as abandoned (1892 of those completely destroyed), 662 as partially abandoned, and 8062 as fully inhabited as of December of 2017. Comparing the derived population estimates from the new assessments to previous assessment and the activities of vaccination teams shows that an estimated 180,155 of the 337,411 under five children who were unreached in 2016 were reached in 2017 (70.5% through vaccination efforts in previously inaccessible areas, 29.5% through displacement to accessible areas). CONCLUSIONS This study's methodology provides important planning and situation awareness information to health workers in Borno, Nigeria, and may serve as a model for future data gathering efforts in inaccessible regions.

中文翻译:

寻找有人居住的定居点并跟踪疫苗接种进度:应用卫星图像分析来指导免疫反应,以确认尼日利亚博尔诺州以前未检测到的、持续的地方性野生脊髓灰质炎病毒传播。

背景 2016 年,尼日利亚博尔诺州报告了 4 例脊髓灰质炎野生病毒病例,这是在尼日利亚被世界卫生组织从脊髓灰质炎流行国家名单中删除 1 年后。由于尼日利亚与博科圣地长达十年的冲突,卫生官员无法进入博尔诺多达 60% 的定居点,从而阻碍了疫苗接种和监测工作。缺乏可及性使政府难以评估博尔诺当前的人口分布。这项研究旨在使用高分辨率可见波段卫星图像来评估博尔诺州人迹罕至的村庄的居住情况。方法使用来自DigitalGlobe 的高分辨率(31-50 厘米)图像,分析人员评估了尼日利亚疫苗跟踪系统确定的博尔诺州定居点的居住状况。分析人员查看了每个定居点的图像,并使用植被(过度生长与清除)作为人类居住的代表,将定居点分为三类:有人居住、部分废弃和废弃。分析师还对每个定居点的完整百分比进行了分类,从 0%(自上次评估以来完全被破坏)开始,并以 25% 的间隔增加至 100%(完全完整但未扩大),直至 200+%(规模增加一倍以上)。对于被毁坏的建筑物。这些评估然后被用来调整每个定居点先前建立的人口估计。将这些新的人口分布与疫苗接种工作进行比较,以确定疫苗接种小组未覆盖的 5 岁以下儿童的数量。结果 11, 截至 2017 年 12 月,评估的 927 个定居点 3203 个被评估为废弃(其中 1892 个被完全摧毁),662 个部分废弃,8062 个完全有人居住。将新评估得出的人口估计与之前的评估和疫苗接种小组的活动进行比较显示,在 2016 年未接触到的 337,411 名五岁以下儿童中,估计有 180,155 人在 2017 年接触到(70.5% 通过在以前无法进入的地区进行疫苗接种工作,29.5% 通过转移到可进入的地区)。结论 本研究的方法为尼日利亚博尔诺的卫生工作者提供了重要的规划和态势感知信息,并可作为未来在偏远地区收集数据的模型。将新评估得出的人口估计值与之前的评估和疫苗接种小组的活动进行比较表明,在 2016 年未覆盖的 337,411 名 5 岁以下儿童中,估计有 180,155 名在 2017 年被覆盖(70.5% 通过在以前无法进入的地区进行疫苗接种工作,29.5 % 通过迁移到可访问区域)。结论 本研究的方法为尼日利亚博尔诺的卫生工作者提供了重要的规划和态势感知信息,并可作为未来在偏远地区收集数据的模型。将新评估得出的人口估计值与之前的评估和疫苗接种小组的活动进行比较表明,在 2016 年未覆盖的 337,411 名 5 岁以下儿童中,估计有 180,155 名在 2017 年被覆盖(70.5% 通过在以前无法进入的地区进行疫苗接种工作,29.5 % 通过迁移到可访问区域)。结论 本研究的方法为尼日利亚博尔诺的卫生工作者提供了重要的规划和态势感知信息,并可作为未来在偏远地区收集数据的模型。5% 通过在以前无法进入的地区进行疫苗接种工作,29.5% 通过转移到可进入的地区)。结论 本研究的方法为尼日利亚博尔诺的卫生工作者提供了重要的规划和态势感知信息,并可作为未来在偏远地区收集数据的模型。5% 通过在以前无法进入的地区进行疫苗接种工作,29.5% 通过转移到可进入的地区)。结论 本研究的方法为尼日利亚博尔诺的卫生工作者提供了重要的规划和态势感知信息,并可作为未来在偏远地区收集数据的模型。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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