Contagious disease is a major threat to survival, and the cost of relying on the immune system to defeat pathogens is high; therefore, behavioral avoidance of contagious individuals is arguably an adaptive strategy. Animal findings demonstrate the ability to detect and avoid sick individuals by the aid of olfactory cues, and a recent study indicated that human axillary odor also becomes more aversive as a function of immune activation. By injecting healthy human participants with lipopolysaccharide (0.6 ng/kg body weight) to experimentally induce inflammation, this study demonstrates that natural daily rhythms of urine odor-its perceived dimensions and volatile profile-are altered within hours of inflammation onset. Whereas healthy human urine decreases in averseness over the course of a single day, inflammation interrupts this process and results in an increased urine odor averseness and an altered volatile composition. These results support the notion that subtle and early cues of sickness may be detected and avoided, thereby complementing the immune system in its role of keeping us alive and healthy.

中文翻译：

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通过人类尿液中的易挥发线索检测炎症。

传染性疾病是生存的主要威胁，依靠免疫系统击败病原体的成本很高。因此，避免具有传染性的个体的行为可以说是一种适应性策略。动物的发现表明，借助嗅觉提示可以检测和避开患病个体，并且最近的一项研究表明，人类腋臭也随着免疫激活而变得反感。通过向健康的人类参与者注射脂多糖（0.6 ng / kg体重）以实验性诱导炎症，这项研究表明，在炎症发作后的数小时内，尿臭味的自然每日节律（其感知的大小和挥发性分布）会发生变化。健康的人类尿液在一天的过程中反感降低，炎症会中断该过程，并导致尿臭味厌恶性增加和挥发性成分改变。这些结果支持了这样一种观念，即可以发现并避免疾病的细微和早期提示，从而补充免疫系统，使其保持我们的生命和健康。