The primary cilium, a sensory organelle that emanates from the cell surface of most mammalian cell types during growth arrest, has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past decade. Recently, a large number of new findings have assigned novel functions and roles to the primary cilium in signal transduction and related diseases, which has greatly augmented the importance of the cilium in human health and development. Here, we review emerging evidence supporting the primary cilium as a sensory organelle in signal transduction in microgravity, electromagnetic field sensing, chemosensation and tumorigenesis. We also present an overview of signal transduction crosstalk associated with the primary cilium in bone disease and cancer, including primary cilium‐related Ca²⁺ signaling, parathyroid hormone signaling, cAMP signaling, BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling and Wnt signaling. We anticipate that emerging discoveries about the function of the primary cilium will provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of stimulus sensation, signal transduction and pathogenesis.

中文翻译：

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初级纤毛在骨骼疾病和癌症中的新功能。

初级纤毛是一种在生长停滞期间从大多数哺乳动物细胞类型的细胞表面发出的感觉细胞器，在过去十年中吸引了许多研究人员的注意力。最近，大量新发现为初级纤毛在信号转导和相关疾病中赋予了新的功能和作用，这极大地增强了纤毛在人类健康和发展中的重要性。在这里，我们回顾了新兴证据，这些证据支持初级纤毛作为微重力，电磁场感测，化学传感和肿瘤发生中信号传导的感觉细胞器。我们还概述了与骨疾病和癌症中的初级纤毛相关的信号转导串扰，包括与初级纤毛相关的Ca ²⁺信号，甲状旁腺激素信号，cAMP信号，BMP / Smad1 / 5/8信号和Wnt信号。我们预计，有关初级纤毛功能的新兴发现将为刺激感觉，信号转导和发病机理的分子机制提供新颖的见解。