Multimodal communication in solitary stinkbugs enables them to meet, mate and copulate. Many plant‐dwelling species exchange information during the calling phase of mating behavior using substrate‐borne vibratory signals. A female‐biased gender ratio induces rivalry and competition for a sexual partner. Female competition for males, first described among Heteroptera in three stinkbug species, revealed species specific differences and opened the question of plasticity in individually emitted temporal and frequency signal characteristics during calling and rival alternation. To address this question and gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying stinkbug female rivalry, we compared the characteristics of alternated signals in the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Compared to male rivalry, female rivalry is more complex, lasts longer and runs through successive phases by a combination of different song types. The male pheromone triggers alternation between females, producing song pulses that occasionally overlap each other. One female initiates the rivalry by changing individual pulses into pulse trains of three different types. The competing female alternates with pulses of changed temporal characteristics at lower levels of rivalry and by varying the frequency characteristics of pulse trains at higher levels. During female rivalry, the male either stops responding or occasionally emits calling and courtship signals in response to the female that has produced signals of steady temporal characteristics. Female rivalry shows complex and species specific patterns of information exchange at different levels with a broad‐range variation of temporal and frequency characteristics of, until now, unidentified vibratory emissions.

中文翻译：

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昆虫中雄性的雌性竞争：Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) 模型

孤独的臭虫的多模式交流使它们能够相遇、交配和交配。许多植物栖息物种在交配行为的呼唤阶段使用基质振动信号交换信息。偏向女性的性别比例会导致对性伴侣的竞争和竞争。雄性的雌性竞争，首先在三种臭虫的异翅目中描述，揭示了物种特异性差异，并提出了在呼叫和竞争交替期间单独发出的时间和频率信号特征的可塑性问题。为了解决这个问题并深入了解臭虫雌性竞争的潜在机制，我们比较了南方绿色臭虫 Nezara viridula（Linnaeus，1758）（半翅目：五足科）中交替信号的特征。与男性竞争相比，女性竞争更复杂，持续时间更长，并通过不同歌曲类型的组合经历连续的阶段。雄性信息素触发雌性之间的交替，产生偶尔相互重叠的歌曲脉冲。一名女性通过将单个脉冲变成三种不同类型的脉冲序列来发起竞争。竞争女性在较低的竞争水平和通过改变较高水平的脉冲序列的频率特性，与改变时间特性的脉冲交替。在雌性竞争期间，雄性要么停止响应，要么偶尔发出呼唤和求爱信号，以响应产生稳定时间特征信号的雌性。